Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detectors, which operate within the 3–14 μm wavelength range, have been extensively employed in various fields, including military, space exploration, environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and chemical analysis. While thermal detectors are commonly used, their limitations in sensitivity and response time render them less suitable for next-generation MWIR and LWIR applications. These advanced applications necessitate the use of narrow bandgap semiconductor-based photodetectors, which offer tunable optoelectronic properties and higher specific detectivity compared to thermal detectors. In this review, we provide a detailed analysis of the operational principles and manufacturing strategies of infrared photodetectors based on narrow bandgap semiconductors, which enable high-performance detection in the MWIR and LWIR regions. Our focus is specifically on scalable fabrication of MWIR and LWIR photodetectors, emphasizing devices with active areas ranging from millimeters to centimeters. Researches on large-scale fabrication of infrared photodetectors using quantum dots, two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials, and three-dimensional (3D) bulk semiconductors are investigated. Finally, we summarize the remaining challenges in developing scalable narrow bandgap semiconductor-based MWIR and LWIR photodetectors for commercialization. By addressing the obstacles such as the difficulty in large-scale unform film synthesis, the requirement for cryogenic device operation, and the introduction of high-density of defect states during the hybridization processes, MWIR and LWIR photodetectors based on narrow bandgap semiconductors will pave the way for designing new sensory systems and applications in a wavelength regime that has been less developed compared to the visible and near-infrared (NIR) ranges.

Over the last decades, bone tissue engineering has increasingly become a research focus in the field of biomedical engineering, in which biomaterials play an important role because they can provide both biomechanical support and osteogenic microenvironment in the process of bone regeneration. Among these biomaterials, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have recently attracted considerable interest owing to their fantastic physicochemical and biological properties including great biocompatibility, excellent osteogenic capability, large specific surface area, and outstanding drug loading capacity. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art advances in 2D nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Firstly, we introduce the most explored biomaterials used in bone tissue engineering and their advantages. We then highlight the advances of cutting-edge 2D nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives, layered double hydroxides, black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, montmorillonite, hexagonal boron nitride, graphite phase carbon nitride, and transition metal carbonitrides (MXenes) used in bone tissue engineering. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of 2D nanomaterials for bone tissue regeneration in process of clinical translation are discussed.