To ablate tumor tissues safely and efficiently occupy a high priority in physical cancer therapy. However, it is still a challenge to realize high conversion efficiency of photothermal reagents and multi-functions with low health risks. Herein, nano-heterostructure membrane was synthesized by composting MoSe₂:Nd nanosheets and graphene nanoflakes for improving the therapy efficiency and efficacy. It not only exerts fulfilling photothermal behaviors under 808 nm laser excitation, but also exhibits outstanding laser-induced photodynamic performance due to photogenerated carriers transfer from unique physical heterostructure. With bimodal photothermal/photodynamic therapy potential, the heterojunction structure is incorporated into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and subcutaneously implanted into animate bodies, which further facilitate biomedical safety and experiment operability in tumor treatments, cutting off the possible risks arising from direct injection. In vitro photothermal properties and biomedical experiments strongly proof the composite film can exert intense photothermal response at laser excitation and possess considerably satisfactory biocompatibility, effectively eliminating tumor tissues without undesirable damage and pathological changes to normal organs.

The acquisition of real-time temperature monitoring during photothermal therapy is significant to prevent unnecessary damage to healthy tissues. However, owing to complexity and diverse factors in microenvironment of cells, there still remain considerable challenges in achieving noninvasive temperature measurement and manipulation in therapeutic process. Herein, biocompatible Nd-doped MoSe₂ nanosheets have been developed on the premise of excellent photothermal effect, which manifest desirable photoluminescence and distinct temperature self-monitored capability in near-infrared I and II bio-windows. Based on thermally coupled energy levels of Nd ions, the real-time monitoring on temperature changes in intracellular environment can be realized which provide instant temperature feedbacks to avoid side effects from hyperthermia. Exclusive of detrimental elements such as F and Pb, the objective nanosheets manifest satisfactory biosafety and can induce effective tumor ablation under near-infrared irradiation with photothermal conversion efficiency up to 40.8%, providing an innovative vision for developing more precisely and safely photothermal approaches.