Pyranoanthocyanins are anthocyanin derivatives that were first found in aged red wine. Pyranoanthocyanins contribute to the color and flavor of red wine and their outstanding stability lays the foundation for anthocyanin modification. The present paper aims at reviewing the structural characteristics, formation pathways and physicochemical properties of the common pyranoanthocyanins. Moreover, the relationship between the structure of the pyranoanthocyanins and their color characteristics and biological activity is illustrated. This review is expected to provide useful information for the directed synthesis and application of pyranoanthocyanins.

Bacterial family Christensenellaceae performed high heritability and associated with human health status. Numerous studies observed that the abundance of Christensenellaceae could be significantly reduced in patients with intestinal diseases or metabolic disorders, inferred that it may be treated as an effective biomarker. Christensenella minuta was the first member of Christensenellaceae family isolated from human fecal samples. Accumulating evidences suggested that C. minuta may demonstrate a positive bio-therapeutic effects toward unhealthy status. Hence, this review aimed to systematically summarize the characterization of Christensenellaceae under specific health or diseases, and discover its promising application. Besides, the latest studies on the pharmacological research of C. minuta also summarized. Current important literatures grasped the potential health benefits of C. minuta in managing metabolic disorders, gut ecosystem, and inflammation. Whereas, several critical knowledge gaps about the safe and clinical application remain should be addressed in future verification. C. minuta is worthy to be elevated as the next prospective probiotic star in nutraceutical or medical field and should not be overlooked.