For the purpose of satisfying high demands for taste, color, flavor, and storage of meat products, water retention agents (WRAs) play an important role. Phosphate has been widely used as an attractive functional material for water retention in current practical applications. However, excessive phosphate addition and longterm consumption may be harmful impacts on health and the environment. Therefore, it is vital to develop safe and efficient phosphate-free WRAs for further improving water-holding capacity (WHC) efficacy and edible safety, especially in meat products. In particular, sugar water retention agents (SWRAs) are increasingly popular because of their perfect safety, excellent WHC, and superior biological properties. This review discusses the inducements and mechanisms underlying water loss in meat products. In addition, we focused on the research progresses and related mechanisms of SWRAs in the WHC of meat products and its unique biological functions, as well as the extraction technology. Finally, the future application and development of SWRA were prospected.

Diabetes, a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder, often leads to severe complications. Currently, existing treatment methods may pose life-threatening risks due to poor patient compliance and inaccurate dosing of subcutaneous insulin injections. Hence, a biomimetic red blood cell (RBC) membrane-coated glucose-responsive nanoplatform is developed for controlling insulin release. Functionalizing nanoplatforms with RBC membrane can prolong the half-life of nano-formulation in vivo mediated by the biomimetic immune escape. Simultaneously, the cascade catalytic effect of glucose oxidase (GOx) encapsulated in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and hemoglobin (Hb) in the RBC membrane are able to not only facilitate glucose-responsive insulin release, but also eliminate the detrimental by-product hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) resulting from the Hb mediated H₂O₂ scavenging. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the favorable glucose-responsive performances of this advanced nano-platform with a single intravenous injection maintaining blood glucose balance in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) mice for an extended duration without the hypoglycemia risk. Therefore, this biomimetic insulin delivery system is poised to function as a strategy for the intravenous insulin administration, offering a promising drug candidate for the self-adaptive long-term T1D treatment.