The macroscopic properties of soil are mainly affected by its microstructure and pore characteristics. To figure out the microscopic evolution of soil under the influence of external conditions such as freeze-thaw is significant for geotechnical study. As seasonally frozen and special soil, turfy soil has high compressibility and low strength due to its high humus and plant fiber content. Thus, this study took turfy soil to investigate its microstructures, pore characteristics, and effect of freeze-thaw by methods including geotechnical tests, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray Computed tomography (CT), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on geotechnical and NMR theory, micro-image segmentation was completed on CT slices and SEM images to identify air and water-storage pores. Combined with microscopic images and composition analysis, the microstructure of turfy soil reveals that the organic matter component is the soil matrix able to contain and conduct water. The pore size distribution of turfy soil after freeze-thaw showed an increase in the proportion of mesopores and a significant increase in the number of pores. Consequently, the quantitative characterization of microscopic parameters indicates that the pore connectivity of turfy soil before and after freeze-thaw is enhanced, and the complexity of the pore shape is reduced, enhancing permeability. Finally, verifying the theoretical calculation of unsaturated soil shows that the NMR method can effectively characterize the change in permeability of freezing and thawing soil. This work can serve as the basis of studies on soil with high organic matter and high fiber content and can be applied as a parameter basis for engineering construction in turfy soil distributed regions.

Soil thermal conductivity is one of the most important parameters to determine the heat transfer performance of the soil layer, leading to the ground temperature distribution, soil environment, and crop growth. The composition of organic matter is directly related to the thermal conductivity of high organic soil. However, the current model of soil thermal conductivity cannot consider the organic matter content and decomposition degree. This study aims to analyze the influence of the undisturbed turfy soil on the thermal conductivity in the different layers. Additionally, more than 10 improved models of soil thermal conductivity were proposed and then compared on the turfy soil. The results indicate that: 1) The thermal conductivity in each layer of unfrozen turfy soil was similar (0.51～0.66 W/(m∙K)). There was a significant difference in the thermal conductivity among the layers (1.00-1.62 W/(m∙K)) after freezing, indicating that the freezing altered the composition of the soil. The higher proportion of components was found with the low heat transfer performance, due to more organic matter components and pores in turfy soil. The thermal conductivity of unfrozen turfy soil was lower than that of other organic soil with higher dry density. Most water in the soil was turned into ice after freezing, indicating the greatly improved thermal conductivity. The high content of water greatly contributed to the thermal conductivity of frozen turfy soil. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was carried out between the fundamental physical properties of turfy soil and the thermal conductivity. The soil particle size distribution, organic matter content, and decomposition degree depended mainly on the thermal conductivity of unfrozen turfy soil. 2) Most prediction models of soil thermal conductivity (Campbell, Johansen, and their derived models) failed to directly consider the proportion of organic matter components in the turfy soil, leading to overestimation of the thermal conductivity of organic matter in the solid phase. Alternatively, the soil thermal conductivity model was used to consider the dry density (Nikoosokhan model) and component weight (Tian model), indicating the excellent applicability to predict turfy soil. It indirectly quantified the low performance of heat transfer in the organic matter components and pores, according to the density differences after the calculation of soil thermal conductivity. The high level of accuracy was still difficult to achieve for frozen soil). 3) According to the soil properties, the parameters were introduced to characterize the turfy soil, including organic matter content and decomposition degree, in order to improve the model of thermal conductivity. The improved model was obtained to comprehensively consider the low dry density, high water content, and high organic matter of turfy soil. The parameters were modified to reduce the overestimation of the thermal conductivity of organic matter components. Furthermore, a better prediction (R² > 0.75) of the soil thermal conductivity model was achieved for both unfrozen and frozen turfy soil with high organic matter, in terms of applicability and accuracy. The research findings can provide a strong theoretical reference for the thermophysical properties of seasonal frozen turfy soil with high organic matter in agricultural cultivation and engineering construction.

Shallow deformation of ancient landslides induced by heavy rainfall is the most serious geological disaster in China's Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA). It is important to explore the infiltration characteristics and its shallow deformation mechanism caused by heavy rainfall. In this study, the rainfall-induced landslide of the TGRA was selected as the research object, and the distributions of the soil permeability coefficients for rainfall-type landslide were summarized. Considering the effects of heavy rainfall, one-dimensional (1D) soil column infiltration test and two-dimensional (2D) landslide model test were conducted to study the infiltration characteristics of landslide soil and the corresponding shallow deformation mechanisms under different rainfall intensities. The results of the rainfall infiltration tests show that the speed of rainfall infiltration into soil depends on the magnitudes of rainfall intensity and soil permeability coefficient, i.e. when the rainfall intensity is less than or equal to the soil permeability coefficient, the infiltration capacity increases with rainfall intensity; when the rainfall intensity is greater than the soil permeability coefficient, the infiltration capacity decreases. The model test results show that the infiltration of heavy rainfall makes the surface soil transiently saturated and then the gas in the unsaturated zone below the surface is temporarily closed, which leads to the compression of gas by the surface pore water pressure. This means that the pore gas pressure increases with the infiltration of heavy rainfall. Overall, for the rainfall-induced landslides in TGRA, short-term torrential rain can create transient saturation zones and generate closing gas which is the main reason affecting the infiltration capacity of heavy rainfall. The water pressure transmitted by the closing gas causes the pore water pressure of the shallow soil to increase sharply, which is also the main reason for the shallow deformation and damage of many landslides.