In the process of modernization with Chinese characteristics, the dam sector of China will embrace a new development climax. A new layout of the national water network will be formed by the combination of major natural river systems and water infrastructures including water division channels, dams and reservoirs, hydropower stations, river dikes, flood retention areas, etc. The massive investment demand released in the construction of many planned/ongoing projects will drive the reform of the supply side. Many new requirements for modern dam construction and operation will be imposed following the national’s goal of high-quality development, and new challenges will arise from aquatic ecosystem protection and restoration. These strategic needs form the basis for new research and development (R&D) missions of China’s hydraulic-hydropower industry.