Selenium peptides serve as an ideal dietary selenium supplement for humans. Currently, bovine milk is not much utilized as a source of selenium peptides. This study employed a full MS-dd-MS2 acquisition method to conduct selenopeptidomic analysis in selenium-biofortified bovine milk, leading to the identification of a novel selenium peptide, Arg-Asp-{Se-Met}-Pro-Ile-Gln. Structural confirmation was achieved through its molecular ion peak (error 2.28 ppm), multi-stage fragment ions, and Se-C vibrational signatures. Thermal processing induced selenium peptide Arg-Asp-{Se-Met}-Pro-Ile-Gln cleavage, significantly impacting retention efficiency. Thermal degradation rate equations for Arg-Asp-{Se-Met}-Pro-Ile-Gln were established at 63 ℃, 72 ℃, and 135 ℃, with degradation rates of 0.00368, 0.02997, and 0.0421 min^-1, respectively. Heat-induced degradation products (K₁ (C₂₂H₃₄N₅O₇Se), K₂ (C₂₂H₃₅N₅O₇Se), and {Se-Met}-Pro) were identified, revealing a dual-pathway mechanism: β-elimination-driven C-C bond cleavage at the aspartic acid carboxyl terminus and C-N bond rupture in the proline-isoleucine amide linkage. The developed thermal reaction models exhibited high accuracy (R² ≥0.9712), enabling precise quantification of real-time pyrolysis kinetics. Notably, degradation product K₂ exhibited the lowest activation energy, indicating its role as a thermal marker. The ultrasonic cavitation technique was introduced to inhibit the C-C bond cleavage rate, effectively inhibit K₂ generation, and block the cascade degradation. This study offers theoretical support for the development of selenium peptide Arg-Asp-{Se-Met}-Pro-Ile-Gln and the retention of activity in thermal processing.

Fatigue, a debilitating condition arising from intense physical and mental stress, significantly impairs work capacity and well-being, yet effective molecular interventions remain scarce. Selenopeptides, which incorporate the essential trace element selenium, have emerged as promising anti-fatigue agents owing to their potent antioxidant activities. However, their therapeutic development is hindered by conventional preparation methods, which yield heterogeneous mixtures with poor reproducibility, complicating purification and impeding structure-activity studies. This review emphasizes that chemical synthesis represents a critical solution to these challenges, enabling the production of highly pure, structurally defined selenopeptides. We systematically analyze recent advances in solid-phase peptide synthesis and liquid-phase peptide synthesis, highlighting innovative and sustainable approaches such as continuous flow synthesis. Although few chemically synthesized selenopeptides have been directly validated for anti-fatigue efficacy, we propose a rational design strategy based on targeted synthesis to bridge this translational gap, accelerating their application in the food and health industries.

Alcohol consumption has become prevalent to contemporary societies. The WHO has launched the Global Alcohol Action Plan 2022–2030 to raise awareness of alcohol-related hazards, diminish alcohol consumption to advance public health via multi-sectoral collaboration. This review synthesizes evidence on the mechanisms of drunkenness and anti-drunkenness, emphasizing the gut-liver-brain axis as the central regulatory network. It highlights how alcohol and its metabolites, including acetaldehyde and higher alcohols, disrupt this axis by compromising gut barrier integrity, inducing hepatic oxidative stress, and triggering neuroinflammation. These effects occur through interactions with cellular components, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the inhibition of ADH and ALDH activities via neurochemical pathways. The review also evaluates the potential of natural products to anti-drunkenness by targeting bidirectional interactions among the gut, liver, and brain. A hierarchical framework is proposed: upstream interventions accelerate ethanol metabolism by ADH/ALDH and GABA-glutamate modulation; midstream block oxidative and inflammatory cascades via CYP2E1/ROS pathway; downstream mechanisms repair intestinal and hepatic damage via microbiota regulation and endotoxin-TLR4-NF-κB pathway, ultimately regulating the gut-liver-brain axis. This framework could provide directions for the future investigations into the particular-processes behind intoxicated behavior, and aid in the development of anti-drunkenness therapies.

Proteomic profiles of whey proteins from bovine colostrum, bovine mature milk, goat colostrum and goat mature milk were obtained by high resolution mass spectrometry. By partial least square discriminant analysis, it was observed that bovine colostrum and mature milk were more similar in protein composition than goat colostrum and mature milk, and nine proteins with high abundance in goat milk could be regarded as protein markers to distinguish among these four milk samples. Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the high-abundance proteins in goat milk were related to immune responses and metabolic processes, which indicates that goat milk helps newborns develop an immune system against microbial infection. These results provide an in-depth understanding of proteins from goat milk and its products, and are of great significance for the nutritional improvement of breast milk substitutes as well as the development of breast milk substitutes.

Food-derived polyphenols and their effects on type 2 diabetes are linked to the microbiota. Here, we expound on the mechanisms of food-derived polyphenols that affect the onset of type 2 diabetes, focusing on the roles played by gut microorganisms and the metabolites they produce. We also discuss the mechanism of food-derived polyphenols lower blood glucose through host signaling-mediated inflammatory responses. Food-derived polyphenols alleviate the development of type 2 diabetes by remodeling gut microbiome composition and reducing inflammatory responses. Food-derived polyphenols inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzymes to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is considered a key regulator of food-derived polyphenols in alleviating the onset of type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of NF-κB activation can increase insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and maintain glucose homeostasis. This investigation reveals that food-derived polyphenols can alleviate the onset of type 2 diabetes and offers adequate theoretical knowledge in support of their usage as such.