In vivo electroporation (IVE) has gained significant attention as an efficient, versatile, and minimally invasive technique for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biologically active molecules. By applying electrical pulses to transiently permeabilize cell membranes, this technique enhances the uptake and expression of therapeutic agents, enabling diverse applications in gene therapy, cancer immunotherapy, vaccination, tissue regeneration, and genome editing. This review summarizes recent advances in electroporation technology, including innovations in device design, optimization of pulse parameters, and combinatorial strategies, with a focus on translational biomedical research. Key challenges such as tissue response heterogeneity, safety concerns, and reproducibility are also discussed. By examining ongoing clinical trials and future directions, we aim to offer insights into addressing these barriers and accelerating the clinical translation of in vivo electroporation for therapeutic use.

The pressing need to enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in fertilizers has become increasingly urgent in light of food insecurity and climate-related issues. Nanotechnology offers promising prospects for the development of effective and environmentally friendly alternatives in the field of fertilization. This review focuses on the impact of nanotechnology on conventional fertilizers, encompassing inorganic, organic, and microbial approaches. We emphasize the superior attributes of nano-fertilizers compared with their conventional counterparts and explore their potential and versatility in boosting crop productivity, reducing fertilizer expenses, and mitigating detrimental environmental impacts. In conclusion, given the significant challenges posed by food insecurity and climate change, the application of nano-fertilizers demonstrates immense potential for advancing sustainable and intelligent agricultural practices.