Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector, beyond their significant ornamental value. These plants also possess biological and ecological importance, contributing to reproduction, defense against natural enemies, and adaptation to environmental changes. Thus, a deeper understanding of their leaf coloration will be essential for both practical applications and theoretical understanding. The present study comprehensively reviews the factors influencing anthocyanin metabolism, including biosynthesis, transport, degradation, transcription factors (TF_S), post-transcriptional regulation, post translation regulation. Next, we summarize the application of omics technologies in unveiling the mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in leaves. Furthermore, we review the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate leaf coloration by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Lastly, the study addresses unresolved issues in the research of plant leaf coloration and proposes future research directions in this field. This study is anticipated to provide a valuable reference for the study of plant leaf coloration.

As a woody grass, bamboo has special reproductive habits with an extremely long vegetative phase. Pleioblastus pygmaeus is a kind of ornamental dwarf bamboo species with high ecological and economic value in China. There was no documentary record of the flowering of P. pygmaeus until 2015, which bloomed in the Bamboo Garden of Nanjing Forestry University. Generally, bamboo plants rarely bear fruit or have a low seed setting rate, but this species has a high seed production. This study explores developmental reasons using anatomical methods. The process of flower bud differentiation and a series of important reproductive development processes including anther wall development, microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, male and female gametophyte development, and embryonic development were investigated sequentially. Each stamen contained three tetrasporangiate anthers and the development of anther wall was of Monocotyledonous type. The microspores finally matured into 3-celled pollen grains by two successive mitoses. The pistil was composed of three carpels, with an anatropous, tenuinucellate and bitegmic ovule in a single ovary. The formation of embryo sac belonged to Polygonum type. With three mitoses, functional megaspore developed into the embryo sac with eight nuclei within seven cells. The development of stamen and pistil was synchronous in the same floret. The development of embryo followed Grass type and the development of endosperm belonged to Nuclear type. The development of endosperm was earlier than that of embryo. The study enriches basic knowledge of reproductive biology of bamboo plants and is of great fundamental significance to furtherly explore flowering mechanism of P. pygmaeus and to cultivate bamboo plants sustainably.