As three-dimensional biomimetic systems developed from stem cells or somatic cells, organoids have gradually evolved into important links between basic research and clinical application. Compared with traditional two-dimensional culture and animal models, organoids can better reflect the structure and function of tissues and organs in terms of physiological relevance and prediction efficiency. This review explores the integration of organoid technology with microfluidic technology, gene editing, and artificial intelligence, focusing on the prospects of these technologies for application in precision medicine, disease modelling, drug screening, and toxicology. In addition, the latest progress in organoid research, including organ-on-a-chip, organoid biobank construction, and related applications of regenerative medicine, is summarized. The development of key technologies is reviewed in detail. These technologies include improvements in culture systems, innovations in microfluidic and matrix materials, gene editing and modification, and imaging and multiomic analyses. These achievements improve the application value of organoids in disease modelling, drug screening, and toxicology. Despite challenges such as standardization, batch-to-batch consistency, and clinical translation, the integration of interdisciplinary technologies has provided a new impetus for the development of organoids. In the future, the combination of organoids with artificial intelligence, personalized medicine, and regenerative medicine is expected to drive research progress on disease mechanisms and precision treatment.

Autoimmune diseases (AID) encompass a diverse array of conditions characterized by immune system dysregulation, resulting in aberrant responses of B cells and T cells against the body’s own healthy tissues. Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are nanoscale particles enclosed by phospholipid bilayers, secreted by plant cells, which facilitate intercellular communication by transporting various bioactive molecules. Due to their nanoscale structure, safety, abundant sources, low immunogenicity, high yield, biocompatibility, and effective targeting of the colon and liver, PEVs are regarded as a promising platform for the treatment of AID. This review provides a comprehensive summary of PEV biogenesis, physicochemical and biological properties, internalization mechanisms, isolation methods, and their applications in various diseases, with a specific focus on their potential roles in AID. Additionally, we propose engineering approaches and administration methods for PEVs. Finally, we present an overview of the advantages and challenges associated with utilizing PEVs for the treatment of AID. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of PEVs, we anticipate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for AID. Natural and engineered PEVs hold substantial promise as a valuable resource for innovative technologies in AID treatment.