Peripheral nerve injury results in sensory and motor dysfunction, which is an enormous economic burden for patients and society. Complete recovery of peripheral nerve function after injury is complicated. Utilizing the electrophysiological properties of natural nerves for neuronal regulation and axon regeneration has attracted considerable interest. Electroactive biomaterials induce an active state of electrical stimulation (ES) at the site of peripheral nerve injury when incorporated into nerve guidance channels. Numerous studies have demonstrated that combining ES with electroactive biomaterials can enhance peripheral nerve repair. This review summarizes the regulation of signal pathways by ES and the functions of various electroactive biomaterials, including metals, carbon-based materials, conductive polymers, and piezoelectric materials. Recent advances and research of ES combined with electroactive biomaterials in peripheral nerve repair are reviewed, which may help to come up with more effective strategies to restore neural function after PNI.

Tendon–bone interface injuries, such as rotator cuff tears and anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, remain challenging due to the enthesis’s complex structure and poor healing capacity. Conventional repair often fails to restore the fibrocartilaginous transition, causing mismatched integration and high retear rates. Biomaterial-based scaffolds provide biomechanical support and bioactive regulation, showing great promise for regeneration. Recent advances span natural polymers, synthetic polymers, bioceramics, and composites, with designs evolving from monophasic to multiphasic, gradient-based, and functionalized scaffolds. Emerging strategies emphasize immunomodulation, bio-signal delivery, and physical responsiveness, establishing a structure–signal–function paradigm to guide multi-tissue integration. However, translation faces major barriers, including inadequate animal models, manufacturing and scalability challenges, long-term safety concerns, and regulatory complexity, as well as the need to balance personalization with cost. Future directions point to intelligent biomaterials, AI-driven design, and integrated translational frameworks to bridge preclinical research and clinical application. Overall, advanced scaffold engineering offers transformative potential for functional tendon–bone regeneration, but successful translation will depend on close collaboration among biology, materials science, engineering, and medicine.

Coaxial electrospinning was developed for simultaneously electrospinning two different polymer solutions into core/shell nanofibers, or encapsulated bioactive molecular and drugs into polymer nanofibers for controlled release. In this study, heparin encapsulated poly(L-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) [P(LLA-CL)] core/shell nanofibers were fabricated in water/2, 2, 2-Trifluoroethanol mixed solvent through coaxial electrospinning. TEM images clearly proved the core/shell structure of nanofibers when the proportion of feeding rates of inner and outer solutions was at 1:3. The morphology of these nanofibers were investigated and discussed from SEM micrographs, and the diameters showed a normal distribution. Furthermore, the fabrics of heparin encapsulated P(LLA-CL) core/shell nanofibers showed a strong inhibit ability on proliferation of fibroblast in cell viability test in vitro.