The occurrence of fluorosis in Gaomi City is among the highest regions in China. High fluoride groundwater occurrence in Quaternary sediments originated from the weathering residuals of Cretaceous volcano clastic rock. The origin of high fluoride groundwater in Gaomi City was summarized as the following 2 model: one is leaching and enrichment, the other one is evaporation and condensation in alkali condition. Based on the analysis of the local environment and the mechanism of fluoride enrichment, a method of “in- situ dispelling” was proposed and confirmed through laboratory leaching test. This might be economical and feasible method for the removal of fluorine from the local strata.

Using the 3D pumping test device, the author has completed a number of pumping tests about phreatic and artesian water and obtained a large amount of observational data. Experiments show that: as for both phreatic and artesian water, the water head variation of the observation wells, from the pumping well is far more higher and nearer than the lower, leading to significant groundwater cone of depression distribution around the underground water pumping well. At the same time, the water heads of different observation pointing at different heights of each observation well are higher to lower from top to bottom, which are characterized by showing that the water has a top to bottom motion component while groundwater has migration and accumulation from the surrounding water boundary to the pumping well, i.e. the water movement direction is inclined. The same is true for artesian water. An analysis found the result is that not only head pressure plays an important role, but also water gravity does this too. When the water is pumped, the artesian aquifer near the top roof has a stronger water flow near the supply source.

The temperature of groundwater will be increasing gradually while it is recharged and infiltrated down to the depth because of the geothermal gradient. So the density of water is smaller and smaller. The author puts forward the heat-driving mechanism that the movement of the groundwater is caused by the density differences from different temperatures. Based on this idea, the author proposes the short range recharge model of geothermal water in flat terrain hilly area. The model explains the coexistence mechanism of recharge and discharge (hot springs) zones can be at the same altitude. Considering that the temperature is an important driving force of groundwater movement, the paper puts forward and demonstrates that the hot springs can expose at higher lands while the recharge zone being situated lower lying areas.