Tillering contributes greatly to grain yield in wheat. Investigating the mechanisms of tillering provides a theoretical foundation and genetic resources for the molecular breeding of wheat. The regulation of tillering is a complex molecular process that involves a multitude of factors. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms in the wheat genome, although progress has been made in rice. Here we review the developmental characteristics of tillers and summarize current knowledge of the roles of endogenous and environmental factors in wheat tillering. We propose directions for future studies and advanced technologies to be used for gene identification and functional studies.