Transdermal delivery offers a user-friendly and minimally invasive route to overcome limitations of conventional oral and injectable methods. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)-based skin-adhesive patches have emerged as promising platforms to enhance transdermal delivery efficiency owing to their biocompatibility and porous fibrous networks. However, the fabrication of CNFs-based patches that can withstand high-viscosity solutions while maintaining adaptive adhesion under deforming skin conditions remains challenging. Moreover, existing strategies to impart functionality often rely on complex and precision-intensive fabricating processes. Here, we present a CNFs-based transdermal patch (OIF patch) incorporating an octopus-inspired suction cup (OISC), fabricated via a straightforward imprinting process. Under optimized fabrication conditions (150 °C and 500 MPa), OIF patch maintains structural integrity without thermal degradation and demonstrates enhanced robustness in highly viscous environments. The imprinted OISC induces deformation-driven negative pressure, enabling intimate and adaptive skin adhesion even under bending deformation (up to 90°). Consequently, OIF patch demonstrates robust adhesion across diverse skin conditions and achieves up to a 350% enhancement in transdermal delivery depth compared to flat fibrous. Clinical evaluations further confirm improvements in multiple skin parameters, underscoring the translational potential of OIF patch. This work establishes a scalable and adaptable CNFs-based platform for reliable transdermal delivery under user-induced dynamic conditions.

The remarkable functionality of biological systems in detecting and adapting to various environmental conditions has inspired the design of the latest electronics and robots with advanced features. This review focuses on intelligent bio-inspired strategies for developing soft bioelectronics and robotics that can accommodate nanocomposite adhesives and integrate them into biological surfaces. The underlying principles of the material and structural design of nanocomposite adhesives were investigated for practical applications with excellent functionalities, such as soft skin-attachable health care sensors, highly stretchable adhesive electrodes, switchable adhesion, and untethered soft robotics. In addition, we have discussed recent progress in the development of effective fabrication methods for micro/nanostructures for integration into devices, presenting the current challenges and prospects.