Cardiac pacemakers are key implantable devices in modern medicine for treating arrhythmias. The accuracy and reliability of their sensing function directly determine the success or failure of treatment. To address the issue that traditional fixed-parameter sensing paradigms struggle to cope with the complex dynamic characteristics of intracardiac electrical signals, leading to clinical risks such as under-sensing or oversensing, a systematic review of the evolution of adaptive sensing technology is conducted. The architecture, principles, and interaction logic of adaptive sensing algorithms, from classic to intelligent, are deeply analyzed. Key technologies of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that support the implementation of these algorithms are elaborated, including high-precision analog front-end design, analog-digital mixed signal coordination, and ultra-low power optimization. A comprehensive system implementation and performance evaluation framework is established, covering model-based design, hardware-in-the-loop testing, and preclinical validation in compliance with medical device regulations. A complete technical chain of adaptive sensing technology is systematically reviewed, and the key points of algorithm and hardware co-design are clarified. This system can effectively enhance the safety, specificity, and individual adaptability of the sensing system in complex physiological and noisy environments, and provide rigorous validation methods for clinical application. Adaptive sensing technology is a core direction to break through the performance bottlenecks of traditional pacemakers. Future technologies will develop towards multi-modal sensor fusion, personalized adaptation, and predictive maintenance.

The functional assay of chemical sensitive cells is of great importance for the preparation of sensitive elements towards the development of cell-based biosensors for chemical sensing. In this study, a novel light-addressable microfluidic device was developed by the integration of a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) with a microfluidic chip for label-free functional assays of bioengineered taste receptor cells via extracellular recording. Extracellular potential changes of single bioengineered cells were recorded by LAPS. Microfluidic chip was capable of providing stable microenvironments for cell measurements with a well-defined concentration stimulus. Bioengineered taste receptor cells were utilized as a model of chemical sensitive cells and functional assayed by this light-addressable microfluidic device using bitter stimulation. The results indicate that this microfluidic device can efficiently monitor the membrane potential changes originated from bioengineered taste receptor cells in response to specific bitter stimulation. The bioengineered cells with responsive functions can be easily identified via the analysis on the firing rates of extracellular recording data. The expression of bitter receptors in the bioengineered taste receptor cells was further validated by the immunofluorescent staining results, which proved that the expression of specific bitter receptor was the main contribution to the responsive function of bioengineered cells. This microfluidic device can not only be used for the functional assays of chemical sensitive cells towards chemical sensing, but also suitable to be applied for the research on the chemical signal transduction mechanisms.