A later heading date generally leads to higher grain yield in favorable ecological regions; however, grain yield reaches a limit as the heading date exceeds a certain threshold. Ghd7 is the first cloned major gene that regulates heading date, plant height and grain number. Here, we investigated the relationship between Ghd7 and florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1, to determine their roles in regulating heading date and grain number under different photoperiods. Our results revealed that under long-day (LD) conditions, Hd3a acts prior to RFT1 to promote heading while negatively regulating plant height and grain number. In contrast, Ghd7 positively regulates heading date, plant height, and grain number by inhibiting both Hd3a and RFT1. Under short-day (SD) conditions, the functions of Hd3a and RFT1 remain consistent with those under LD conditions, but Ghd7 does not inhibit their expression, resulting in a weaker phenotypic effect compared to Hd3a. Additionally, under both LD and SD conditions, increased Ghd7 expression enhances its inhibitory effect on Hd3a and RFT1, leading to later heading and increased grain number; however, once the heading date exceeds 94 d, grain number no longer increases. Moreover, the gn1a allele increased grain number by 16.5% to 42.5%, while combinations of the elite alleles from Ghd7, Hd3a, RFT1, and Gn1a significantly increased grain number by up to 240.9%. Therefore, we propose a new breeding strategy to optimize the heading date and grain number using the Ghd7Hd3aRFT1gn1a combination of Ghd7, Hd3a, RFT1, and Gn1a under LD conditions, and the Ghd7hd3aRFT1gn1a combination under SD conditions. This strategy improved the yield of the high-quality Northeast variety Kongyu 131 (KY131) by 69.1% in Beijing and 93.7% in Hainan. This strategy will greatly improve the efficiency of north-to-south adaptation in rice, providing theoretical guidance for expanding the geographical adaptability of rice varieties.

Because high temperatures impair rice production, it is desirable to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms involved in rice response to heat stress. The objectives of this study were to identify candidate genes and characterize their response patterns during rice adaptation to high temperatures at the seedling stage. Ten heat-associated quantitative-trait loci were identified in a genome-wide association study. Comparison of transcript abundances in heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant rice pools under heat stress revealed approximately 400 differentially expressed genes. The expression of genes from heat-sensitive accessions changed more than those from heat-tolerant accessions under heat stress. Alternative splicing (AS) events responded to heat stress in rice. The types of AS variants significant different between the heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant accessions. Expression patterns differing between the heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant accessions were identified for genes known to be involved in heat stress. We identified eleven genes associated with rice heat stress response. These genes could be pyramided to breed heat-tolerant rice accessions.