Inflammation plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and facilitating repair, but dysregulated inflammation can lead to the development and progression of inflammatory diseases, posing a significant threat to human health. Inorganic nanomaterials, due to their unique physicochemical properties, have emerged as powerful tools for modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. This review discusses the potential of inorganic nanomaterials in addressing key inflammatory processes, including oxidative stress regulation, immune cell modulation, and the blockade of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. We highlight strategies such as surface functionalization for targeted delivery, the design of nanostructures with antioxidant properties, and the controlled release of therapeutic gases, which together offer new avenues for precision inflammation therapy. Additionally, we explore the ability of these nanomaterials to influence immune responses, from macrophage polarization to the inhibition of inflammasome activation, and discuss their multifaceted roles in regulating the immune system. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges remain in terms of biosafety, long-term stability, and addressing the heterogeneous nature of the inflammatory microenvironment. Future efforts should focus on developing multifunctional nanoplatforms that can simultaneously target multiple inflammatory pathways, paving the way for more effective and personalized treatments of inflammatory diseases.

Nanomaterials-based artificial enzymes (nanozymes) with valuable enzyme-like catalytic properties have been booming during the past few years. Promoted by the advances in biological medicine and nanotechnology, nanozymes possess the potential to serve as an emerging agent for biosensing, immunoassays, detection and diagnosis, catalytic therapeutics, and other applications in the biomedicine field. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are of considerable interest in biomedical applications due to their ultrathin layered structure and unique physiochemical properties. Inspired by the diversified catalytic performance of 2D nanomaterials, scientists extensively have developed 2D materials as bioactive nanozymes for theranostic nanomedicine. Here, recent advances in enzyme-like 2D nanomaterials design and construction are comprehensively presented. Additionally, we exhibit that, with the synergistic effect of catalytic activities and desirable physicochemical performances, 2D nanozymes can serve as versatile platforms with extensive applications from target detection to in vivo theranostic. It is believed that such promising alternatives towards natural enzymes will be of vital significance in the field of nanotechnology and biomedicine.