The carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) is a promising strategy for converting CO₂ into high-value chemicals. However, the rational design of efficient catalysts for steering product selectivity toward specific high-value chemicals continues to be a central goal in electrocatalysis research. Recently, nanoporous confined electrocatalysts have garnered attention due to their unique pore structures, which not only increase the accessibility and utilization of active sites but also promote the enrichment and stabilization of key reaction intermediates and modulate the local reaction microenvironment. These combined effects contribute to improved reaction kinetics and enhanced product selectivity. This review systematically summarizes the mechanistic foundations of nanoporous confinement in CO₂RR, emphasizing its role in governing reaction pathways and selectivity. We introduce the fundamental design principles of nanoporous confined electrocatalysts, detailing how their pore size, tortuosity, and connectivity influence CO₂ diffusion, local concentration gradients, and electrolyte accessibility. Then highlight how confinement-induced spatial regulation facilitates intermediate accumulation, directional proton transfer, and local pH modulation, collectively steering product selectivity toward desired C₁ and multi-carbon (C₂₊) products. Representative material systems and structure–performance relationships are discussed to illustrate these effects. Finally, we summarize the current challenges in mechanistic understanding and practical implementation, and propose future directions for developing nanoporous systems that integrate controlled transport, catalytic reactivity, and system-level scalability.

Anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) utilized in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and other devices are mainly graphite (Gr) and its derivatives. However, the limited energy density of Gr-based anodes promotes the exploration of alternative anode materials such as silicon (Si)-based materials because of their abundance in nature and low cost. Specifically, Si can store 10 times more energy than Gr and also has the potential to enhance the energy density of LIBs. Despite the many advantages of Si-based anodes, such as high theoretical capacity and low price, their widespread use is hindered by two major issues: charge-induced volume expansion and unreliable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) propagation. In this detailed review, we highlight the key issues, current advances, and prospects in the rational design of Si-based electrodes for practical applications. We first explain the fundamental electrochemistry of Si and the importance of Si-based anodes in LIBs. The excessive volume increase, relatively low charge efficiency, and inadequate areal capacity of Si-based anodes are discussed to identify the barriers in enhancing their performance in LIBs. Subsequently, the use of binders (e.g., linear polymer binders, branched polymer binders, cross-linked polymer binders, and conjugated conductive polymer binders), material-based anode composites (such as carbon and its derivatives, metal oxides, and MXenes), and liquid electrolyte construction techniques are highlighted to overcome the identified barriers. Further, tailoring Si-based materials and reshaping their surfaces and interfaces, including improving binders and electrolytes, are shown to be viable approaches to address their drawbacks, such as volume expansion, low charge efficiency, and poor areal capacity. Finally, we highlight that research and development on Si-based anodes are indispensable for their use in commercial applications.

Electrocatalysis of CO₂ toward multicarbon (C₂₊) products have multifaceted applications in the energy and chemical industries, offers an attractive route to mitigate carbon emissions and abate the depletion of fossil fuels. However, the productivity of CO₂-to-C₂₊ products suffers from a low selectivity and reaction rate owing to the difficulty in C–C coupling and the multiple electron-proton transfer steps. Recently, numerous tandem catalysts have been developed to improve the selectivity and formation rate of CO₂-to-C₂₊ products via coupled multiple reaction steps, exhibiting high industrial practicability. This review summarized recent progresses in the formation of C₂₊ products from CO₂ electrolysis on tandem catalysts. In this review, we highlight the cooperative regulation strategy of tandem catalysts formed by introducing different types of new components and reveal the relationships between *CO intermediate mass transport and the selectivity of C₂₊ products. Moreover, theoretical insight into the tandem catalytic mechanisms underlying the enhanced C₂₊ selectivity is also provided. Finally, the remaining challenges and opportunities for the electrocatalytic CO₂ toward C₂₊ products are discussed.

The X band (8 GHz–12 GHz) is the electromagnetic wave band emitted by most electronic instruments in our life, which will cause electromagnetic pollution harm to human health. Due to the coexistence of magnetic loss and dielectric loss, the modified Fe₃O₄-carbon-based nanomaterial exhibit strong electromagnetic (EM) wave absorptive capacity. However, there is a problem that the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, the frequency bandwidth of reflection loss is less than −10 dB) of the X band is narrow. Increasing the EAB value of Fe₃O₄-carbon-based materials is of great significance for reducing electromagnetic pollution. Here, an emulsion-based self-assembly technique and ligand carbonization treatment have been used to construct the Fe₃O₄@C supraparticles for the evaluation of EM performance. The Fe₃O₄@C supraparticles exhibit excellent EM absorption properties, which can achieve full coverage of X band from 6.52 GHz to 12.9 GHz at a sample thickness of 3 mm. Besides, the optimum EAB value of Fe₃O₄@C supraparticles is up to 8.55 GHz from 9 to 18 GHz at a sample thickness of 2.5 mm. The Fe₃O₄@C supraparticles with superlattice structure will have potential development prospects in the application of broadband absorption.