Naproxen sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders to relieve pain and inflammation. In the present study, naproxen sodium nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation technique using various desolvating agents (butanol and combinations of acetonitrile and butanol), and two methods (continuous addition method and intermittent addition method) were adapted to decide the best desolvating agent. Obtained formulations were characterized and evaluated. The combination of acetonitrile and butanol as desolvating agent was giving good and promising results with good stability -40.7 mV and least mean particle diameter of 437.7 nm. From the results it was concluded that intermittent addition was the better method than continuous addition method for preparing naproxen sodium nanoparticles. The drug release was sustained till 12 h with 96.92% for nanoparticles prepared by intermittent addition method following zero order release with non- fickian diffusion mechanism.

The objective of the present research was to prepare and characterize naproxen loaded niosomes by ether injection method. A total of sixteen formulations were prepared by ether injection method by varying the type and concentration of surfactant. All the formulations were evaluated for drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity and drug release profiles. Based on evaluation parameters, formulation E14 prepared by ether injection method showed entrapment efficiency of 95.86%, drug content of 94.9%, zeta potential value of?31.9 mV, suggesting its higher stability and particle diameter of about 393.9 nm. In-vitro release studies also showed that of all the formulations, E14 released about 88.9% by the end of 12 hours, showing a sustained release pattern with high amount of drug release when compared to the other formulations. Drug release kinetic studies of optimized formulation (E14) followed zero order release with R2 value of 0.987 and showed super case 2 transport mechanism. Based on the results, tween 80 with 1:1 ratio of drug to surfactant was considered as the best formulation for the preparation of naproxen loaded niosomes by ether injection method.

The aim of this investigation was to formulate, characterize and evaluate etoricoxib (ET) loaded polymeric nanoparticles for topical delivery. For nanoprecipitation method, ethyl cellulose (EC) was used as polymers. All the formulations were prepared by varying the drug and polymer concentrations. The obtained nanoparticles were evaluated for yield, drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity and in-vitro drug release. Comparative study was performed among the formulations of ethyl cellulose. For the formulation of the gel, carbopol 934 was used as a gelling base. By comparison, F3 formulation of ethyl cellulose was found to be the best with the highest entrapment efficiency of 79.1%, the smallest mean particle diameter (538 nm), a higher stability (–43.8 mV) and the ability to control the release for 12 h with 87.1% drug release. F3 formulation was incorporated into gel F3G. Based on the results, it could be concluded that F3G formulation of etoricoxib topical gel prepared with ethyl cellulose was found to be more efficient with the highest spreadability of 41.22 g.cm/sec and was able to sustain the drug release for about 12 h with a cumulative release of 79.1%.

The main objective of this study is to formulate etoricoxib niosomes as vesicular carriers for site specific drug delivery. Niosomes are novel vesicular carriers, in which the drug is incorporated in a vesicle. Niosomal vesicles are formed by hydrating mixture of cholesterol and nonionic surfactants. Niosomes can increase the permeability of the skin (stratum corneum and epidermis), by avoiding the first pass metabolism and also reduce the side effects. Etoricoxib is a potent new COX-2 inhibitor used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute gout arthritis etc. Two formulations were prepared by thin film hydration technique using the drug, cholesterol and surfactants Tween 80 (F1) and Span 60 (F2). Another two formulations were prepared by ether injection method using cholesterol and surfactants Tween 80 (F3) and Span 60 (F4). Each formulation was evaluated for drug content, entrapment efficiency, mean vesicular diameter, zeta potential and In-vitro drug release studies. Among the four formulations, F2 formulation containing the drug and Span 60 showed maximal drug content of 95.57%, entrapment efficiency of 96.40%, mean vesicular diameter of 463.7 nm, zeta potential of –80.5 mV, in-vitro drug release of 95.14% in 12 h, and the drug release followed the first order with non-fickian diffusion mechanism by thin film hydration technique. Hence, the thin film hydration technique is an optimized technique for the preparation of etoricoxib niosomes.

Aspirin is mainly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthtitis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The dose of aspirin required for the treatment is 3 g / day in divided doses. In order to avoid chances of missing the dose of drug, it is better to formulate sustained release dosage forms. In the present study, aspirin loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation technique using various desolvating agents such as acetone, ethanol and sodium sulphate. A comparative study was made among the three desolvating agents (acetone, ethanol and sodium sulphate) and two methods (continuous addition method and intermittent addition method) to decide the best desolvating agent and the better method for preparation of aspirin nanoparticles by desolvation method. Continuous and intermittent addition methods were followed for the addition of desolvating agent to the aqueous solution of bovine serum albumin. Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles prepared by intermittent addition of ethanol was showing better results with the mean particle diameter of 209 nm, entrapment efficiency of 50% and loading capacity of 23%. The drug release was slow, extending over a period of 24 h. The curve fitting data revealed that the release followed the first-order kinetics. Higuchis and Peppas plots stated that Fickian diffusion controlled the pattern in all formulations. From the results it can be concluded that the method of intermittent addition was the better method and ethanol was the best desolvating agent for the preparation of aspirin nanoparticles by desolvation technique.

The aim of the present study is the formulation of mefenamic acid ethosomal gel by hot and cold methods. To prepare the mefenamic acid transdermal gel, ethosomes was selected as colloidal carriers. Ethosomes were prepared by cold and hot methods. The obtained ethosomes were characterized with vesicular diameter, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro diffusion studies. The five formulations of ethosomes prepared by cold and hot methods were compared. Among the 10 formulations of ethosomes, E5 was considered as the best formulation because of its mean vesicular diameter of 854 nm, zeta potential of 20 mV, drug content of 96.3%, entrapment efficiency of 94.4%, sustained drug release for 12 hr, i.e. 94.4. Then the E5 formulations was incorporated into gel. A comparative study was made between the plain gel and the ethosomal gel. The Ethosomal gel was considered the best because of its highest drug content spreadability , pH (6.9) and the sustained drug release profile for 12 hr. By comparison, the cold method shows better results.