The genus Aspergillus is a ubiquitous and significant fungus with an increasingly pervasive role in both daily life and the food industry. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the 245 novel alkaloids identified within the Aspergillus genus since 2019. It offers a detailed introduction to the diverse biological activities and functional characteristics exhibited by these compounds, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activity, as well as enzyme inhibition. Additionally, the article provides a detailed analysis of the structural features, publications, and countries of discovery for these alkaloids. It offers strategic guidance for the development of secondary metabolites derived from Aspergillus alkaloids, stimulating innovation in this field.

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of the development and application of Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungus with edible and medicinal value, as a foodborne antioxidant and anti-aging agent. Its n-butanol extract (PHE) from rice cultures was selected for anti-aging experiment because of significant free radical scavenging activity in vitro. In vivo, PHE could significantly prolong the mean lifespan, 50 % survival days, and the maximum lifespan of Drosophila on a high-fat diet. It is amazing that the mean lifespan increased from 19.1 days to 32.9 days, 50 % survival days increased from 15.7 days to 34.3 days, and the maximum lifespan extended from 44.7 days to 52.7 days, when the high-fat female Drosophila model was fed with 10 μg/mL PHE. Further research showed that PHE reduced the accumulation of peroxide products and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Then, through antioxidant activity tracking, dimerumic acid (compound 1, the IC₅₀ value of 3.4 μg/mL on DPPH free radicals scavenging activity), 4, 5-dihydroxy-3-methoxypentanoic acid (compound 2, new compound), and thymidine (compound 3) were isolated from PHE. It is worth mentioning that dimerumic acid, the major antioxidant compound of PHE (content up to 3 %), was discovered in P. hepiali for the first time. It was concluded that PHE showed excellent anti-aging activity at a very low concentration on fat diet-induced high fat Drosophila melanogaster, and dimerumic acid may be its main material basis. These results indicated that PHE had the potential to be developed as antioxidant and anti-aging agent in the healthcare industry.

Paecilomyces hepiali is a fungus with edible and pharmaceutic value, isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Its main bioactive constituents contain alkaloids, cyclic dipeptides, steroids, organic acids, and polysaccharides. Due to the huge development potential of P. hepiali in the field of food and medicine, it has been developed into a variety of products that cater to the needs of the public. In this paper, the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects of P. hepiali are reviewed, which can provide reference for the development and application of P. hepiali.