Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a heterogeneous clinical complication with no existing definite or particular therapies. Therefore, molecular mechanisms and approaches for treating acute kidney injury are in urgent need. Herein, we demonstrated that dexrazoxane (DXZ), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cardioprotective drug, can both functionally and histologically attenuate cisplatin or ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced AKI in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting ferroptosis specifically. This effect is characterized by decreasing lipid peroxidation, shown by the biomarker of oxidative stress 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and prostaglandinendoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), while reversing the downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin 1 (FTH-1). Mechanistically, the results revealed that DXZ targeted at the renal tubule significantly inhibits ferroptosis by suppressing α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD). Furthermore, the conjugation of dexrazoxane and polysialic acid (DXZ-PSA) is specifically designed and utilized to enhance the therapeutic effect of DXZ by long-term effect in the kidney, especially retention and targeting in the renal tubules. This study provides a novel therapeutic approach and mechanistic insight for AKI by inhibiting ferroptosis through a new type drug DXZ-PSA with the enhanced renal distribution.