In order to make multiple missiles effectively complete the simultaneous attack of maneuvering targets in the presence of communication delay, a fixed-time convergence distributed cooperative guidance law against communication delay was proposed. Based on the framework of fixed time control technology, the guidance law can stabilize the time boundary independent of the initial state of multiple missile system and improved the control efficiency of multiple missile system. A fast non-singular terminal sliding mode and virtual leader were used to realize the guidance law's robustness against communication delay. The Lyapunov stability theory was used to prove the consistency in fixed time. Simulation results show that under the condition of communication time delay, multiple missiles can effectively attack the target simultaneously based on the designed distributed cooperative guidance law.

Driven by “More than Moore”, miniaturization and multifunctional integration of micro-energy devices are emerging as critical pathways for next-generation compact microsystems. This study proposes a sensing-in-Energy (SiE) microdevice that immerses an inertial switch in a parallel-connected supercapacitor’s electrolyte, enabling simultaneous impact sensing and stable energy supply under extremely high gravitational acceleration (high-g) shocks (over 10,000 g). The SiE microdevice can be viewed as a high-amplitude shock sensor (raw signal peak > 50 mV) under high-frequency perspective, and a shock-resistant electrochemical power source (voltage fluctuation < 2%) under low-frequency perspective, while energy consumption reduces over 99.9% compared with conventional high-g sensor due to its event-driven mechanism. Sensing performance is boosted > 50% using multiphysics model combined with machine learning algorithm. Furthermore, a fuze microsystem was built based on SiE microdevice, achieving 150 μs-level ultrafast response. Three-layer penetration experiments have verified the engineering application of SiE microdevice and its fuze microsystem in smart munitions domains, providing a novel paradigm for heterogeneous microsystem in high-dynamic environments.

Wide-area battlefields, smart ammunition, and precision damage are the new directions of modern warfare, while munition-borne electric systems serve as “decision-makers” for smart ammunition. As the primary energy supplier for the entire system, munition-borne power sources hold a veto power position. The complexity of the application environment for munition-borne power sources involves enduring high overloads, high centrifugal forces, ballistic aerothermal effects, variations in ballistic airflow fields, central blast impacts, complex disturbances in indefinite postures, and even the influence of complex ionized media. These factors represent weak links in research on the entire munition-borne electric system. Therefore, nations around the world attach great importance to developing munition-borne power sources and conducting research on various related aspects, such as technological innovation, digital simulation, and testing techniques. This paper elaborates on the existing technologies and scientific issues facing munition-borne power sources, comparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of liquid reserve batteries, solid-state thermoelectric batteries, and supercapacitors as energy sources for modern warfare systems. It also discusses current technological developments and future challenges. To address the insufficient environmental and spatial adaptability of munition-borne power sources, this paper proposes a design approach that couples excitation with integrated packaging. Specifically, although the diversity of ammunition platforms leads to differences in power source requirements, common problems faced by munition-borne electric systems in modern battlefield environments include extreme impact mechanics, low-temperature rapid activation requirements, and structural size limitations. This paper comprehensively discusses the extreme mechanical environments of ammunition platforms, failure mechanisms and protection methods under high-impact conditions for munition-borne power sources, low-temperature rapid activation, and miniaturization design and proposes protective design concepts such as elastic skeleton structures and high-pressure sealed secondary packaging. Additionally, these findings suggest the use of capillary microarray structures with electrode membranes to increase infiltration rates and further improve the activation rate of munition-borne power sources. Lastly, this paper outlines future directions for the development of munition-borne electrical system power sources, primarily from the perspectives of non-reserve primary batteries, non-bottle-breaking reserve batteries, new system batteries, and the advantages of battery-supercapacitor composite energy, providing a reference for the design of munition-borne electrical system power sources used in diversified weapon system platforms.

Impact detecting and counting are fundamental functions of fuses used in hard target penetration weapons. However, detection failure caused by battery breakdown in high-g acceleration environments poses a vulnerability for such weapons. This paper introduces a novel supercapacitor that combines energy storage and high-g impact detection, called self-sensing supercapacitor. By deliberately inducing a transient soft short-circuit during shock in the supercapacitor, it is possible to detect external impact by its transient voltage drop. To realize this concept, firstly, by introducing the contact theory and force-induced percolation model, the electrode strength and roughness are found to have key impacts on the formation of soft circuits. Subsequently, to meet the needs for sensitivity and capacity, a high-density porous carbon (HDPC) that combines high mechanical strength and porosity, is selected as a suitable candidate based on the analysis results. Furthermore, a two-step curing method is proposed to prepare the high-roughness HDPC (HRHDPC) electrode and to assemble the self-sensing supercapacitor. Due to the rich specific surface of the electrodes and the high surface strength and roughness conducive to the formation of transient soft short circuits, the self-sensing supercapacitor not only possesses an excellent specific capacitance (171 F/g at 0.5 A/g) but also generates significant voltage response signals when subjected to high-g impacts ranging from 8000g to 31,000g. Finally, the self-sensing supercapacitor is applied to compose a successive high-g impact counting system and compared to traditional solutions (sensors and tantalum capacitors) in the military fuzes. The results show that the self-sensing supercapacitor-based system exhibits advantages in terms of size, power consumption, and counting accuracy.

Supercapacitors (SCs) have been successfully used in electric vehicles or military equipment systems for their high power density. However, the mechanical impacts from vehicle crashes and missile penetration probably cause performance fluctuations or failure of SCs, which may threaten the safety of systems using SCs. In this paper, a generalized circuit model to analyze the transient process of SCs under mechanical loads is proposed. The circuit model simultaneously takes capacitance change, internal short-circuit and resistance change into account, and an extra resistor-capacitor circuit (RCC) is added to simulate the nonlinear behavior during charging and discharging. Subsequently, the relationships between pressure and fundamental circuit parameters are determined by static methods. By taking the static test data into the circuit model, the transient response of different types of SCs under particular mechanical loading conditions is predicted. Finally, the influences of some crucial parameters on the voltage responses of SCs are revealed based on the simulations, which provide references for designing and optimizing mechanical load-resistant or self-sensing SCs in specific application scenarios.