Accurate monitoring of cage motion and skidding behavior is critical for ensuring the reliability of ball bearings in high-speed applications. However, existing methods are hindered by structural constraints and limitations in fluid drag modeling. This study proposes an integral cage-based triboelectric assembly (IC-TEA) for real-time, high-precision monitoring of the cage skidding ratio, rotational stability, and qualitative bearing temperature rise. Experimental tests show that IC-TEA quantitatively characterizes transient cage speed fluctuations and dynamics under varying loads, rotational speeds, and oil pressures. The results reveal a nonmonotonic relationship between the skidding ratio and axial load: skidding peaks with no load, overskids at intermediate loads, and minimizes under heavy loads. Thermal imaging confirmed that the IC-TEA output was negatively correlated with the lubricant temperature (26.1% decrease for a 9.2 °C rise), verifying its sensitivity to both skidding and temperature. A novel instability indicator is used to quantify significant deterioration in cage stability during overskidding. Leveraging IC-TEA kinematics as boundary conditions, a fluent-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model predicts lubrication states and fluid drag torque. This model reveals that traditional theoretical cage speed inputs overestimate drag torque by 33.75% during skidding and underestimate it by 33.37% during overskidding. This integrated sensor-model framework provides unprecedented accuracy in predicting lubrication effects on bearing dynamics, enabling optimized skidding mitigation strategies for high-speed applications.

The term "over-skidding" indicates that the cage rotational speed ratio exceeds the theoretical value as ball purely rolls on the raceway. Different from the skidding phenomenon that occurs in low-load and high-speed bearing, over-skidding usually occurs in large-size angular contact bearings, and it is still difficult to suppress under high load conditions. The main forms of damage to the raceway by over-skidding are spinning and gyro slip. To further explore the vibration characteristics and thermal effects of this phenomenon, a set of over-skidding tests of an angular contact bearing with a bore diameter of 220 mm were conducted on an industrial-size test bench. Through the experiment, the influence of axial load, rotational speed, and lubrication conditions on the occurrence of over-skidding were determined. Based on a previous dynamics model, the heat generation and thermal network models were integrated in the present study to predict the over-skidding and its thermal behavior. The model was validated in terms of the measured degree of over-skidding and temperature rise. The results showed that the degree of over-skidding reaches up to 12% of the theoretical value, and the friction power loss of the ball-pocket accounts for 30% of the total power loss. The analysis of the vibration signal showed a strong correlation between the bearing vibration characteristics and over-skidding behavior, thereby providing a way to indirectly measure the degree of over-skidding.