Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of several important bioactive compounds. Trp is involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes, including neuronal function, metabolism, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, immune regulation, and intestinal homeostasis. The role of Trp metabolism in tumorigenesis and cancer progression is of particular significance. The influence of Trp and its metabolites on tumor growth and metastasis is mediated through various mechanisms, such as immune evasion, promotion of angiogenesis, and increased resistance to therapeutic agents. This review presents the physiological pathways involved in Trp metabolism and its implications for various malignancies. We also highlight the latest clinical research targeting Trp metabolic pathways in oncology, in addition to exploring future directions for therapeutic advancements aimed at modulating Trp metabolism to enhance cancer treatment outcomes.

Intra-tumoral microbes have been revealed to exist in many cancer types, attracting widespread attention. The significance of intra-tumoral microbes is becoming increasingly apparent in various aspects of human cancers, encompassing cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, diagnostic approaches, prognostic evaluations, and therapeutic interventions. Despite the considerable focus dedicated to this topic by numerous scholars, a comprehensive analysis of intra-tumoral microbiota is still lacking in human cancers. Especially, identifying specific microbial hallmarks in the occurrence and development of cancer and different cancers remains the central task for investigators. This review focuses on the identification and analysis of distinct attributes and noteworthy characteristics exhibited by intra-tumoral microbiota across various types of cancer. The potential mechanisms of intra-tumoral microbiota action, as well as the significance of the microbiome in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, are systematically summarized. The capacity of intra-tumoral microbes to regulate cancer treatment with a focus on the relevant microbial species, and the possibility of targeting the microbiota to improve treatment effectiveness while preventing toxicity, are specifically highlighted. Lastly, the challenges, limitations, and prospects of intra-tumoral microbes in further study and clinical application, including prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications, are discussed in cancers. This review provides a systematic summary of the specific characteristics, molecular mechanisms, therapeutic effects, and diagnostic and prognostic values of intra-tumoral microbiota in different cancers, which will help improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of tumor patients and offer new ideas for achieving precise treatment of cancer with intra-tumoral microbiota.

Pdgfrα⁺ stromal cells are a group of cells specifically expressing Pdgfrα, which may be mentioned with distinct names in different tissues. Importantly, the findings from numerous studies suggest that these cells share exactly similar biomarkers and properties, show complex functions in regulating the microenvironment, and are critical to tissue regeneration, repair, and degeneration. Comparing the similarities and differences between distinct tissue-resident Pdgfrα⁺ stromal cells is helpful for us to more comprehensively and deeply understand the behaviors of these cells and to explore some common regulating mechanisms and therapeutical targets. In this review, we summarize previous and current findings on Pdgfrα⁺ stromal cells in various tissues and discuss the crosstalk between Pdgfrα⁺ stromal cells and microenvironment.

SRY‐box transcription factor 30 (SOX30) participates in tumor cell apoptosis in lung cancer. The occurrence of somatic SOX30 mutations, the expression signature of SOX30 in normal and cancer tissues, the correlation of SOX30 with immune cells and immune‐related genes, and the clinical significance of SOX30 in various cancers have stimulated interest in SOX30 as a potential cancer biomarker. SOX30 influences drug sensitivity and tumor immunity in specific cancer types. In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the latest research on the role of SOX30 in cancer by combining bioinformatics evidence and a literature review. We summarize recent research on SOX30 in cancer regarding somatic mutations, trials, transcriptome analysis, clinical information, and SOX30‐mediated regulation of malignant phenotypes. Additionally, we report on the diagnostic value of SOX30 mRNA expression levels across different cancer types. This review on the role of SOX30 in cancer progression may provide insights into possible research directions for SOX30 in cancer and a theoretical basis for guiding future studies.