In the present study, we evaluated the changes in autophagy after hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigated whether autophagy takes part in the neuroprotection after HBO treatment. Male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to four groups randomly: sham injury, sham injury and HBO, TBI, and TBI and HBO. The HBO rats received HBO treatment for 100 min immediately after injury. Rats were sacrificed at 24 h after the brain injury and the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells in the injured cortex were measured to determine cell death. The expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to assess changes in autophagy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cell density and cleaved caspase-3 expression were increased 24 h after TBI. These increases were suppressed by post-TBI HBO treatment. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting of autophagy-associated proteins showed that TBI can induce autophagy and that HBO treatment can further upregulate the expression of autophagy makers, as shown by an increase in LC3, ATG-5, and Beclin-1 expression and reduction in P62 expression. In conclusion, HBO treatment can reduce apoptosis and further upregulate autophagy in the injured cortex after brain injury, and the autophagy pathway may take part in the neuroprotection provided by HBO treatment for TBI.

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a surgical method for managing highly elevated intracranial increased pressure (ICP) resulted from severe head trauma. This procedure is able to reduce the ICP rapidly and effectively. However, it may lead to kinds of secondary complications, which would cause patient’s severe neurological dysfunction or even death. In this paper, we reviewed the literatures about surgical complications secondary to DC, and tried to bring up suggestions on surgical techniques aiming to prevention and treatment of these complications.