Evaluating the habitat suitability of flagship species and its key influencing factors is vital for understanding potential conservation issues and developing coping strategies. We surveyed the wintering population size and distribution of the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) from 10 to 29 January 2022, and predicted the current potentially suitable habitat distribution and its effective factors using the MaxEnt model. A total of 9337 wintering Black-necked Cranes were recorded in the YZRB in 2022, 76.58 % of which were primarily found in Lhunzub, Samzhubze, Namling, and Lhaze. Compared to 2018, the crane population has exhibited a notable decline in Samzhubze and Taktse, likely due to farmland plowing, winter irrigation, changes in agricultural practices, road construction and hydraulic projects. The crane population within various counties exhibited a significant positive correlation with the suitable habitat area (r = 0.70, P = 0.002, n = 17). We also found that the currently suitable habitat area covered 17,204 km², of which only 3244 km² (18.86 %) was effectively protected at the national level, which was predominantly distributed in farmland and rangeland habitats characterized by gentle slopes, altitudes not exceeding 4500 m, and proximity to human settlements along rivers, where suitable isothermal values (51) and less seasonal precipitation (20 mm) prevail. Our study will be helpful for formulating reasonable conservation strategies to protect the core population of this threatened highland flagship species.

The Oriental Stork (Ciconia boyciana) is listed as ‘Endangered’ on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and is classified as a first category nationally protected bird species in China. Understanding this species' seasonal movements and migration will facilitate effective conservation to promote its population. We tagged 27 Oriental Stork nestlings at Xingkai Lake on the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province, China, used GPS tracking to follow them over the periods of 2014–2017 and 2019–2022, and confirmed their detailed migratory routes using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS 10.7. We discovered four migration routes during autumn migration: one common long-distance migration route in which the storks migrated along the coastline of Bohai Bay to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River for wintering, one short-distance migration route in which the storks wintered in Bohai Bay and two other migration routes in which the storks crossed the Bohai Strait around the Yellow River and wintered in South Korea. There were no significant differences in the number of migration days, residence days, migration distances, number of stopovers and average number of days spent at stopover sites between the autumn and spring migrations (P > 0.05). However, the storks migrated significantly faster in spring than in autumn (P ​= ​0.03). The same individuals did not exhibit a high degree of repetition in their migration timing and route selection in either autumn or spring migration. Even storks from the same nest exhibited considerable between-individual variation in their migration routes. Some important stopover sites were identified, especially in the Bohai Rim Region and on the Songnen Plain, and we further explored the current conservation status at these two important sites. Overall, our results contribute to the understanding of the annual migration, dispersal and protection status of the endangered Oriental Stork and provide a scientific basis for conservation decisions and the development of action plans for this species.

The Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes) is a globally threatened bird species living on the coast and islands of Liaoning, northeastern China, mainly in summer. To further protect the breeding population of Chinese Egrets, it is important to understand the current protection status of their distribution sites at pre-migration period and migration routes. Thirty-three individuals were tagged with satellite transmitters at Fantuo Island in Changhai and Xingren Island in Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province, northeastern China, in July of 2016, 2017, and 2018, to identify important distribution sites during the pre-migration period, as well as detailed migration routes. The results showed that coastal mudflats in Liaoning and the west coast of North Korea were important feeding and roosting sites for fledgling Chinese Egrets from August to September. The home range sizes in August were significantly larger than in September. The eastern coast from Shandong to Guangdong, as well as Taiwan, China, and Manila Bay and Galileo Islands in the Philippines, were important stopover sites during fall migration. Specifically, we found that the egrets’ autumn migration could be divided into four routes, i.e., sea-crossing migration (SCM), coastal migration (CM), inland migration (IM), and mixed migration (MM). The migration distance, timing, speed, and straightness of the four routes also differed. The SCM routes were the straightest, and had the fastest migration speed and shortest travel time, while the IM routes had the lowest straightness and speed, and the longest duration. Manila Bay and Bohol Island in the Philippines, the west coast of Tanintharyi in Myanmar, and the Zengwun River Estuary in Taiwan, China, were wintering sites. Our findings on the key distribution sites along pre-migration and fall migration routes, including some stopover sites, have important implications for the conservation of and global action plan development for the vulnerable Chinese Egret.