Self-loosening of bolted joints can occur in a vibration environment, and it may induce bolt fatigue fracture with catastrophic consequences. It is essential to clarify the self-loosening mechanism, based on which novel anti-loosening thread structures can be developed. In this paper, we propose the concept of radial slippage propagation and provide new insights into the self-loosening process. The new theory states that the slippage along the radial direction of the thread surface induces more slippage areas (slippage propagation), and self-loosening occurs due to the dynamic evolution and propagation of contact states on the thread and bearing surfaces with an increase in the number of vibration cycles. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to validate the propagation process of slippage areas on the thread surface. A novel bolted joint with step thread engagement was developed, which could prevent the occurrence of relative motion of the external and internal threads in the radial direction and thus block slippage propagation. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) of the novel thread structure was established, and a test specimen was manufactured using two special tools. FEA and experiments validated its superior anti-loosening and anti-fatigue performances, and the convenience of installation and removal. Experimental validation of the radial slippage propagation theory and the performance optimisation of the step-thread structure should be performed in the future.

Loosening of threaded fasteners is a key failure mode, which is mainly caused by the slippage and friction behaviors on the thread and bearing surfaces, and will affect the integrity and reliability of products. Numerous scholars have conducted research on the loosening of threaded fasteners; however, comprehensive reviews on the loosening of threaded fasteners have been scarce. In this review article, we define loosening as a loss of preload and divide it into non-rotational and rotational loosening. The causes and mechanisms of non-rotational and rotational loosening are summarised. Some essential topics regarding loosening under transverse vibration have also attracted significant attention and have been investigated widely, including the loosening curve, critical condition of loosening, and influencing factors of loosening. The research carried out on these three topics is also summarised in this review. It is believed that our work will not only help new researchers quickly understand the state-of-the-art research on loosening, but also increase the knowledge of engineers on this critical subject. In the future, it is important to conduct more quantitative research on local slippage accumulation, and the relationship between local slippage accumulation and rotational loosening, which will have the potential to comprehensively unravel the loosening mechanism, and effectively guide the anti-loosening design of threaded fasteners.

Threaded fasteners naturally tend to loosen under vibration, impact, or alternating thermal load. Various anti-loosening methods or strategies are widely applied for preventing loosening, including a few anti-loosening designs and anti-loosening structures. In this review, a variety of influencing factors that improved the anti-loosening ability and helped guide the anti-loosening designs of threaded fasteners are summarized. Second, the anti-loosening structures are classified into two categories, that is, conventional and new-style anti-loosening structures. The former refers to widely used structures in engineering applications, while the latter refers to novel structures not available in the markets. The research on the evaluation and comparison of various conventional anti-loosening structures in terms of preventing loosening is summarized in detail and the new-style anti-loosening structures from five different aspects are also surveyed based on different structural characteristics. In the future, the effects of combined factors on loosening should be considered to achieve optimal anti-loosening designs. More quantitative research on the mathematical relationship between the anti-loosening performance of conventional structures and structural parameters must be conducted. Furthermore, novel structures with excellent abilities to prevent loosening are needed, and issues of difficulties in installation and disassembly, low strength at thread, large deformation, and temperature dependence also need to be addressed.