Sepsis remains a life-threatening condition associated with substantial mortality, driven by pathological elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS), uncontrolled inflammatory responses, and impaired immune homeostasis. In this study, we developed novel cerium (Ce) and myricetin-based nanoparticles (Ce-Myr NPs) for the synergistic treatment of sepsis. The nano-system neutralized excess ROS, while Ce-Myr NPs synergistically downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors via the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation primary response 88-nuclear factor kappa-B (TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB) signaling and significantly alleviated sepsis by the dual pathway. Ce-Myr NPs could remodel macrophage polarization, promote differentiation of the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype, and inhibit the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. These dual-functional nanoparticles demonstrated superior ROS-neutralizing efficiency and immunoregulatory performance in vitro, effectively alleviating oxidative damage and inducing macrophages to develop anti-inflammatory profiles. In a mouse sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture, systemic delivery of Ce-Myr NPs significantly improved survival rates, reduced multi-organ damage, and decreased systemic inflammation, as indicated by low pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. The optimized Ce-Myr NPs exhibited excellent biosafety profiles and robust reactive species scavenging capabilities, highlighting their potential as a multimodal therapeutic platform for sepsis management and related oxidative stress pathologies.

Although patients benefit from surgical transurethral resection of bladder cancers, some niduses are missed or incompletely resected, and small malignant lesions may recur. Intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy are universally accepted as adjuvant treatments after surgery to avoid recurrence and progression. However, these treatments still have limitations, including an insufficient retention period, inefficient permeability of chemotherapeutic agents, and dilution of the agents by urine. Nanostructure-based smart therapeutic platforms can be tailored to be responsive to internal or external stimuli to ameliorate this situation. This unparalleled capability empowers the precise aggregation of stimulus–responsive nanocarriers in the target regions, namely, the tumors, and subsequent release of the anticancer materials. This review summarizes the current nanostructure-based therapeutic platforms, especially stimulus–responsive nanocarriers, and highlights their benefits and limitations in bladder cancer therapy. Novel innovations in nanotechnology have undoubtedly arrived at a new height and have become useful for practical applications. Nanotechnology will positively promote the development of anticancer agents not only for bladder cancer but also for other solid tumors.