Converting localized tumor destruction into systemic antitumor immunity remains a central challenge in cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we present a rationally designed antigen-capturing nanoplatform composed of tannic acid (TA) and saponin, which self-assemble to encapsulate photosensitizer, forming saponin-polyphenol nanoparticles (ISNPs) with multifunctional immunotherapeutic potential. Leveraging the membrane-perturbing properties of saponin, ISNPs induce acute plasma membrane disruption and promote the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as calreticulin (CRT) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), thereby initiating immunogenic cell death (ICD) and supporting subsequent immune activation. Simultaneously, ISNPs induce nuclear membrane rupture and cytosolic DNA leakage. Notably, the polyphenol-rich surface of ISNPs enables efficient adsorption of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), forming antigen–nanocomplexes that prolong antigen retention and facilitate dendritic cell (DC) uptake. In bilateral tumor-bearing mouse models, ISNP-mediated photothermal treatment not only eradicates primary tumors but also elicits a modest abscopal trend on distant lesions, marked by enhanced DC maturation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration. This work establishes a membrane-interfering, antigen-capturing nanoagent that effectively bridges local photothermal ablation and systemic immune activation, offering a promising strategy for in situ nanovaccination and personalized cancer immunotherapy.

With the growing demand for high-energy-density energy storage devices, lithium metal batteries (LMBs) using lithium metal as anodes have emerged as promising candidates. However, the issues of lithium anodes, such as dendrite growth, poor compatibility with liquid electrolytes, and safety concerns, pose challenges for their practical use. Therefore, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) become popular due to their good compatibility with lithium anodes. However, traditional GPEs suffer from poor mechanical strength, complex fabrication processes, lack of self-healing ability and recyclability, which hinder their large-scale and sustainable application. Here we present an epoxy vitrimer (cross-linked network with dynamic covalent bonds) as GPE for LMBs, synthesized from commercially available raw materials of epoxy resins by a simple technology of hot-pressing. The epoxy vitrimer-based GPE shows good electrochemical performance, with over 1000 h of stable cycling in Li symmetric cells and impressive cycling retention of 92.4% after 200 cycles in LiFePO₄||Li cells. Moreover, dynamic covalent bonds endow vitrimer with remarkable self-healing ability and recyclability, which would further improve the cycling and safety aspects of the battery. Therefore, due to its low material costs and simple manufacturing process, epoxy vitrimer-based GPE has a great potential for sustainable mass production in practical application in LMBs.

The development of drug delivery systems with good biocompatibility, stability, fluorescence sensors and targeting capability is of great importance in biomedical research. In this work, we present the first systematic investigation of various site substitution effects on a series of fluorescent materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics. Thus, AIE active triphenylvinylbenzaldehyde (TPB) and triphenylvinylphenylpyridine (TPE-PY) derivatives with various aldehyde and pyridine positions were prepared via McMurry, Sonogashira and Suzuki reactions. As compared with TPB derivatives, TPE-PY derivatives showed significant changes in emission wavelength and intensity, displaying typical AIE behavior, longer wavelength emission, and pH-responsivity. Quantum chemical calculations also confirmed lower energy bandgaps (ΔE) of TPE-PY derivatives, in which TPE-PPY have the lowest ΔE (2.98 eV) due to extended conjugation effect. Considering the redshift and good fluorescence emission of TPE-4PY, DPT-4PY fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) were prepared via physical encapsulation with amphiphilic DSPE-PEG2000, which exhibited excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and good potential for bioimaging applications. Furthermore, since TPE-PPY exhibited optimal fluorescence performance, a novel fluorescent monomer divinylbenzene-pyridin-acrylonitrile (DVBPA) with AIE characteristics was synthesized for the amphiphilic copolymer PEG-BPA from reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, which would self-assemble to form nanoparticles about 100–200 nm in water solution. PEG-BPA FONs demonstrated superior fluorescence stability, biocompatibility, and cellular uptake, enabling their application as carriers of paclitaxel (PTX) to construct BPA-PTX FONs drug delivery system for anti-tumors effect. The drug-loaded nanoparticles exhibited high encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and significant A549 cells inhibition. This nano system is promising for applications in bioimaging, drug delivery, tumors microenvironment sensing, and anti-tumors therapy.

Nanoparticles induced potent antitumor immunotherapy plays a significant role for enhancing conventional therapeutic effectiveness. However, revealing the pathway of how nanoagents themselves trigger the host immunity or how to maximize the immunotherapy efficacy still needs further exploration. Herein, rose-like MoS₂ nanoflowers modified with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and glucose oxidase (GOx) (MPGGFs) have been successfully fabricated via a one-pot hydrothermal reaction and following one-by-one surface modification as a multifunctional nanocatalyst for photothermal therapy enhanced self-amplified chemodynamic immunotherapy (PTT-co-CDT). By introducing GOx, the obtained MPGGFs exhibited self-amplified chemodynamic therapeutic efficacy under hypoxia tumor microenvironment (TME) because of the raised intracellular H₂O₂ level via enzyme-catalysis of oxygen. Furthermore, combined with the intrinsic excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of MoS₂ nanoflowers, PTT-co-CDT performances by MPGGFs could effectively induce the necroptosis of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Then the induced necroptosis via PTT-co-CDT by MPGGFs could directly trigger host immunity by activating the antigen-specific T-cells (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺). Finally, the excellent in vivo safety of MPGGFs makes us believe that the successful construction of rose-like multifunctional nanocatalyst not only has great potentials for self-amplified chemodynamic immunotherapy, but also provides a paradigm for exploring necroptosis triggered host immunity for cancer treatment.