This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in supercapacitor electrode materials, with a particular emphasis on the synergistic interactions between electrode materials and electrolytes. Beyond the conventional categorization of materials such as carbon-based materials, conducting polymers, and metal oxides, we focus on emerging nanostructured systems including MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus, and quantum dots. We highlight how engineering the electrode–electrolyte interface—through the use of ionic liquids, gel-based, and solid-state electrolytes—can enhance device performance by expanding voltage windows, improving cycling stability, and suppressing self-discharge. In addition, we discuss recent insights from density functional theory (DFT) and density of states (DOS) analyses that elucidate charge storage mechanisms at the atomic level. By integrating materials selection, interface engineering, and application-oriented design considerations, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the development of next-generation supercapacitors for use in flexible electronics, electric vehicles, and sustainable energy systems.

In this study, wearable triboelectric nanogenerators comprising bar-printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films incorporated with cobalt-based metal–organic framework (Co-MOF) were developed. The enhanced output performance of the TENGs was attributed to the phase transition of PVDF from α-crystals to β-crystals, as facilitated by the incorporation of the MOF. The synthesis conditions, including metal ion, concentration, and particle size of the MOF, were optimized to increase open-circuit voltage (V_OC) and open-circuit current (I_SC) of PVDF-based TENGs. In addition to high operational stability, mechanical robustness, and long-term reliability, the developed TENG consisting of PVDF incorporated with Co-MOF (Co-MOF@PVDF) achieved a V_OC of 194 V and an I_SC of 18.8 μA. Furthermore, the feasibility of self-powered mobile electronics was demonstrated by integrating the developed wearable TENG with rectifier and control units to power a global positioning system (GPS) device. The local position of the user in real-time through GPS was displayed on a mobile interface, powered by the battery charged through friction-induced electricity generation.

Understanding charge transport mechanisms in thin-film transistors based on random networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT-TFTs) is essential for further advances to improve the potential for various nanoelectronic applications. Herein, a comprehensive investigation of the two-dimensional (2D) charge transport mechanism in SWCNT-TFTs is reported by analyzing the temperature-dependent electrical characteristics determined from the direct-current and non-quasi-static transient measurements at 80-300 K. To elucidate the time-domain charge transport characteristics of the random networks in the SWCNTs, an empirical equation was derived from a theoretical trapping model, and a carrier velocity distribution was determined from the differentiation of the transient response. Furthermore, charge trapping and de-trapping in shallow- and deep-traps in SWCNT-TFTs were analyzed by investigating charge transport based on their trapping/de-trapping rate. The comprehensive analysis of this study provides fundamental insights into the 2D charge transport mechanism in TFTs based on random networks of nanomaterial channels.