To evaluate the long-term curative efficacy and safety of olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation by 10 years of follow-up investigation.

A follow-up observation was done on 13 patients with allograft olfactory bulb-derived OEC transplantation from September 2005 to September 2007 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. After cell purification, amplification, and identification, a 2 × 10⁷/mL cell suspension was prepared for transplantation. In the posterior horn of the spinal cord 0.5 cm distal and proximal to the spinal cord injury zone, 4 needle points were selected to avoid the blood vessels. The needle depth was 3 mm, and the injection volume per point was 10 μL. Postoperatively and at 1 week, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years after the surgery, the patient’s American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score, adverse reactions, and other minor observations were assessed.

All the patients did not have serious complications. No gliomas or other new organisms formed during the 10-year observation period. Eight of 13 patients had improvement in sensory function, and 5 patients showed improvement in motor function. The ASIA acupuncture, light touch, and exercise scores improved significantly 1 year after the surgery, and this improvement continued until the 10-year follow-up period. Three of 13 patients had improvement in defecation and urination, and 1 patient had improved neuralgia after spinal cord injury.

OEC transplantation is safe and effective in treating spinal cord injury. The observation period of OEC transplantation is 1 to 3 years.