Offshore development tends to aim for high production with fewer wells, which leads to large well spacing and wide range of low-pressure gradient. Compared with onshore, the low-velocity nonlinear flow, matrix stress sensitivity, and CO₂ miscibility have significant impacts on the injection optimization design. However, existing studies rarely examine the impact of these characteristics on injection parameters, including injection fluid selection, injection rate and timing. Therefore, we first establish a 3D embedded discrete fracture model for compositional simulation. Multiple mechanisms, including low-velocity nonlinear flow, matrix and fracture stress sensitivity are considered comprehensively. After evaluating the sweep area, injection capacity, and production performance of different injection fluid (H₂O, CO₂, N₂), a fluid selection strategy was proposed. The cumulative oil production under a certain water cut/gas-oil ratio is taken as the objective function. Then the injection rate and timing are studied. Results show that, when the injection rate of CO₂ and H₂O is high, the fluid breakthrough comes early. When the injection rate is low, the reservoir pressure is poorly maintained, resulting strong matrix stress sensitivity, and low CO₂ miscibility efficiency. Therefore, there is an optimal CO₂ and H₂O injection rate. In comparison with the traditional Darcy flow, the optimal H₂O injection rate is higher. The maximum difference reaches 11.1% with matrix permeability of 5 × 10⁻³ μm². As the matrix permeability increases, optimal CO₂ injection timing is gradually advanced. While the optimal H₂O injection timing is gradually delayed. The proposed 3D-EDFM compositional simulator can serve as an effective and reliable method for injection-production optimization.

Different from the conventional oil reservoirs, the primary storage space of shale is micro/nano pore networks. Moreover, the multiscale and multi-minerals characteristics of shale also attract increasing attentions from researchers. In this work, the advances and challenges in the development of shale oil are summarized from following aspects: phase behavior, flow mechanisms, reservoir numerical simulation and production optimization. The phase behavior of fluids confined in shale nanopores are discussed on the basis of theoretical calculations, experiments, and molecular simulations. The fluid transport mechanisms through shale matrix are analyzed in terms of molecular dynamics, pore scale simulations, and experimental studies. The methods employed in fracture propagation simulation and production optimization of shale oil are also introduced. Clarifying the problems of current research and the need for future studies are conducive to promoting the scientific and effective development of shale oil resources.