Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have been regarded as one of the most promising energy storage systems to break through the upper limit of lithium-ion batteries. However, the rampant diffusions of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) in the electrolyte induced the shuttle effect between anode and cathode, resulting in low sulfur utilization, low energy efficiency and short cycling life. Herein, we prove the rational design and construction of Ni nanoparticles filled in vertically grown N-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on graphene nanosheets (Ni@NG-CNTs) as efficient polysulfide barrier for high-performance LSBs. The unique design integrates graphene nanosheets and CNTs into hierarchical architectures with one-dimensional (1D) CNTs, two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin nanosheets and abundant carbon nanocages. This design provides large surface area for lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) adsorption, accelerates electron transport and enhances electrochemical redox of LiPSs. Benefiting from the unique structural features, the LSBs with the Ni@NG-CNTs as polysulfide barrier keep high reversible specific capacities of 309.1 and 265.0 mAh·g⁻¹ at 5 and 10 C rates after 500 cycles. This work provides a new strategy for constructing self-assembled hybrids of CNTs and graphene nanosheets with abundant carbon nanocages for high-performance LSBs.