The design of metal-free electrocatalysts for efficient biomass-based cinnamaldehyde (CAL) conversion to high-value-added 3-phenylpropanol (HCOL) and the insight into their catalytic mechanism have drawn considerable attention. However, they remained challenging due to the unclear complicated hydrogenation pathways. Here, metal-free mesoporous polymer-based electrocatalysts were synthesized, for the first time, for the electrochemical hydrogenation of CAL to HCOL. The catalysts consist of phytic acid (PA)-doped mesoporous poly(m-phenylenediamine) (coined meso-PA/PmPD) with high specific surface areas up to 95.3 m²/g. The optimized meso-PA/PmPD exhibits a record-high performance with high Faradaic efficiency (93.5%) and selectivity (97.5%), far surpassing all the reported electrocatalysts (Faradaic efficiency < 55% and selectivity < 25%). Mechanistic studies reveal that meso-PA/PmPD induces the parallel-configuration adsorption of CAL via π–π and hydrogen-bonding interactions, reducing the energy barriers for CAL carbonyl hydrogenation with active hydrogen ( $\mathrm{H}\text{*}$) to COL and its subsequent hydrogenation to HCOL, thereby boosting the HCOL selectivity. Meanwhile, an appropriate PA doping amount accelerates water dissociation to generate $\mathrm{H}\text{*}$ and interfacial charge transfer. The mesoporous structure facilitates CAL mass transport into the catalyst interior to promote its conversion. This study provides novel insight into the electroreduction mechanism of CAL, guiding the design of high-performance biomass-conversion electrocatalysts through rationally structural engineering of porous polymers.

Using natural resources to construct electrocatalysts for biomass conversion and elucidating their catalytic mechanisms are of great significance, but have remained challenging. Here, a series of two-dimensional (2D) biomass-based Pb/PbO@C catalysts with Pb/PbO nanoparticles anchored on carbon nanosheets were synthesized using natural-derived humate as the precursor. By adjusting the carbonization temperature, an electron-deficient Pb⁰/Pb²⁺ dual-center-site catalyst can be achieved. The optimized Pb/PbO@C catalyst showed an excellent performance for the electrochemical hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to high value-added 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), with high Faradaic efficiency (FE: 91.9%) and selectivity (Sel: 89.7%), achieving comparable performance to those of the reported noble metal-based electrocatalysts. Mechanism study revealed that the electron-deficient Pb⁰/Pb²⁺ dual-center-site provided abundant Lewis acidic sites and promoted the dissociation of water to the active hydrogen (H*) species, thus enhancing the adsorption of HMF on Pb²⁺ sites and the coverage of H* species on Pb⁰ sites. The high coverage of H* species and the synergistic effect of dual-center sites substantially promoted the binding of H* and HMF to form H-HMF* and inhibited the recombination of H* species, thereby accelerating the reaction kinetics of HMF reduction.

Design of non-noble metal electrocatalysts for biomass conversion to high-value chemicals and understanding the related catalytic mechanisms are of profound significance but have remained a major challenge. Here, we developed a novel biomass-derived electrocatalyst (denoted as Cu/NC), featuring with electron-deficient copper nanoparticles anchored on N-doped carbon nanosheets, for the electrochemical reduction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF, a vital precursor of functional polymers). The optimized Cu/NC electrocatalyst exhibited an excellent performance with high Faradaic efficiency (89.5%) and selectivity (90.8%) of BHMF at a low concentration of HMF (18.1 mM). Even at a very high HMF concentration (108.6 mM), the Faraday efficiency and selectivity of BHMF could still reach 74.8% and 81.1%, respectively. This performance approached those of the reported noble metal-based electrocatalysts. Mechanism study revealed that the N doping in the Cu/NC catalyst could regulate the electronic structure of Cu, strengthening the adsorption of the HMF carbonyl group, and thus boosting the selectivity of BHMF. Additionally, strong electronic metal-support interactions of Cu and the N-doped carbon support optimized the charge transfer rate, thus promoting the dissociation of water to the active hydrogen (H*) species and boosting the reaction kinetic rate of H* and HMF.

Titania has received considerable attention as a promising anode material of Li-ion battery (LIB). Controlling the structure and morphology of titania nanostructures is crucial to govern their performance. Herein, we report a mesoporous titania scaffold with a bicontinuous shifted double diamond (SDD) structure for anode material of LIB. The titania scaffold was synthesized by the cooperative self-assembly of a block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene template and titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) as the inorganic precursor in a mixture solvent of tetrahydrofuran and HCl/water. The structure shows tetragonal symmetry (space group I4₁/amd) comprising two sets of diamond networks adjoining each other with the unit cell parameter of a = 90 nm and c = 127 nm, which affords the porous titania a specific surface area (SSA) of 42 m²·g⁻¹ with a mean pore diameter of 38 nm. Serving as an anode material of LIB, the bicontinuous titania scaffold exhibits a high specific capacity of 254 mAh·g⁻¹ at the current density of 1 A·g⁻¹ and an alluring self-improving feature upon charge/discharge over 1,000 cycles. This study overcomes the difficulty in building up ordered bicontinuous functional materials and demonstrates their potential in energy storage application.