Research Progress on the Isolation, Identification and Biological Characteristics of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Minor Dairy Animals

Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs), originating from mammary epithelial cells, are nanoscale doublelayered membrane vesicles transporting bioactive molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, being crucial for intercellular communication and immune regulation. Although milk from minor animal species is not commonly found in the market due to its lower production, it possesses unique nutritional value and potential health benefits and is therefore worth exploring. This review covers the isolation and identification techniques, morphological characteristics, composition and biological characteristics of MEVs from goat, camel, yak, donkey, buffalo, porcine and horse milk. It points out the challenges and future directions in studying MEVs from minor dairy species, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and scientific guidance for further research and application of MEVs so as to foster the development of the minor species milk industry.