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Research Article | Open Access

Riemann solitons on perfect fluid within f ( r , T 2 )-gravity

Wedad A Alharbi1Shahroud Azami2( )Mehdi Jafari3Abdul Haseeb1( )
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Department of pure Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
Department of Mathematics, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

This work is devoted to the study of Riemann solitons in the setting of the energy-momentum squared gravity framework, expressed as f ( r , T 2 ), regarded as a deformation of Einstein's general relativity. Our attention is placed on the particular model f ( r , T 2 ) = r + λ T 2 , coupled with a perfect fluid, where the dynamics naturally admit Riemann solitons. Within the steady formulation of such solitons, we obtain the corresponding fluid relation of state under f ( r , T 2 )-gravity. Moreover, by exploiting the solitonic structure, we further analyze the admissibility of energy conditions, the emergence of black hole geometries, and the manifestation of singularities in the presence of a perfect fluid for this modified gravitational scenario.

CLC number: 53C21, 53C25, 53E20, 53Z05

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AIMS Mathematics
Pages 30331-30353

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Cite this article:
Alharbi WA, Azami S, Jafari M, et al. Riemann solitons on perfect fluid within f ( r , T 2 )-gravity. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(12): 30331-30353. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.20251332

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Received: 10 October 2025
Revised: 06 December 2025
Accepted: 20 December 2025
Published: 24 December 2025
©2025 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)