Hostile-based bipartite containment control of nonlinear fractional multi-agent systems with input delays: a signed graph approach under disturbance and switching networks

This article addresses the hostile-based bipartite containment control of nonlinear fractional multi-agent systems (FMASs) with input delays. Several fundamental algebraic criteria have been offered by the use of signed graph theory. To make the controller design more realistic, we assumed that the controller was under some disturbance. For the analysis of bipartite containment control, we used a fixed and switching signed network. The commonly used Lyapunov function approach and the Razumikhin technique were used. The use of these techniques can conquer the challenge brought on by switching, temporal delays, and fractional mathematics. To better elucidate the theoretical results, two examples are provided.