Evolution of the Lunar Tectonic Framework and Structures

The evolution of the Moon is driven by both endogenic (e.g., magmatism) and exogenic processes (e.g., impact). The lunar surface can be divided into 3 first-order tectonic units based on differences in geochemistry, crustal thickness, topography, and distribution of structures. However, the interpreted boundaries demarcated by different features varied widely. As research progresses, the understanding of the lunar structure is continuously improving, and new types of structures are constantly being discovered. The previous structural classification system needs to be updated. According to the major geological events and dynamic evolution, the evolutionary history of the Moon can be divided into 3 stages and 1 pivotal event. The first stage (4.52 to 4.3 Ga) is the evolution of the magmatic ocean, and it was dominated by endogenic processes. The formation of South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin (~4.3 Ga) is the pivotal event of crustal evolution and indicates that the lunar crust had cooled and consolidated to sufficient rigidity to preserve structures. Both endogenic and exogenic processes were active in the second stage (4.3 to 3.0 Ga), which results in numerous impact basins, mare basalt flooding, and different types of associated structures. The last stage (3.0 Ga to the present) is late neotectonic activity, which has weak modification of the tectonic framework. Response of tectonic framework and structure to lunar major geological events had been organized and discussed in this paper, and key scientific issues are summarized. This study can provide reference and support for implementation of subsequent lunar exploration projects.