3RVAV: A Three-Round Voting and Proof-of-Stake Consensus Protocol with Provable Byzantine Fault Tolerance

This paper presents 3RVAV (Three-Round Voting with Advanced Validation), a novel Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus protocol combining Proof-of-Stake with a multi-phase voting mechanism. The protocol introduces three layers of randomized committee voting with distinct participant roles (Validators, Delegators, and Users), achieving $\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)$-threshold approval per round through a verifiable random function (VRF)-based selection process. Our security analysis demonstrates 3RVAV provides $1-{(1-{\displaystyle \frac{s}{n}})}^{3k}$ resistance to Sybil attacks with $n$ participants and stake $s$, while maintaining $O(kn\log n)$ communication complexity. Experimental simulations show 3247 TPS throughput with 4-s finality, representing a 5.8× improvement over Algorand’s committee-based approach. The proposed protocol achieves approximately 4.2-s finality, demonstrating low latency while maintaining strong consistency and resilience. The protocol introduces a novel punishment matrix incorporating both stake slashing and probabilistic blacklisting, proving a Nash equilibrium for honest participation under rational actor assumptions.