From atoms to macrostructures: Multiscale design and evolution of graphene-based electromagnetic wave absorbing materials

Electronic communication technologies have been widely utilized in both military and civilian sectors, giving rise to urgent concerns about electromagnetic pollution. Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, capable of converting incident electromagnetic energy into alternative forms without reflection, offer a promising solution to this problem. Among the diverse classes of absorbers, graphene has attracted sustained attention owing to its atomic-scale thickness, large specific surface area, high carrier mobility, and unique two-dimensional conductive framework. The integration of graphene with complementary components not only diversifies energy-dissipation pathways and improves impedance matching, but enables the construction of tailored microstructures that extend electromagnetic propagation paths and enhance structural stability. This review summarizes recent advancements in graphene-based composite absorbers. Beginning with the fundamental design principles of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, it elucidates the theory of synergistic, multimechanistic design and outlines the scientific rationale and structure-property relationships underlying composite architectures. Materials are categorized by component type, with discussion of their synthesis strategies, microstructural features, absorption mechanisms, and performance characteristics, alongside a critical comparison of their advantages and limitations. Finally, major challenges confronting the field are highlighted, and prospective research directions are proposed. It is expected to provide a roadmap for design and development of high-performance graphene-based electromagnetic wave absorbing materials for future applications.