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Nano Biomedicine and Engineering 2023, 15(4): 389-400 https://doi.org/10.26599/NBE.2023.9290037
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 07 November 2023

Detection of the Anticancer and Genotoxic Activities of Heliotropium eichwaldi L.-fabricated Silver Nanoparticles on BHK-21 Cells and Human Blood Lymphocytes Using MTT and Comet Assays

Show Author's Information Naila Sher1,  Mushtaq Ahmed1( ),  Nadia Mushtaq2,  Rahmat Ali Khan1
Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Bannu-KPK, Pakistan
Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu-KPK, Pakistan
Keywords:
silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), comet assay, BHK-21cells, human lymphocytes
Cite this article:
Sher N, Ahmed M, Mushtaq N, et al. Detection of the Anticancer and Genotoxic Activities of Heliotropium eichwaldi L.-fabricated Silver Nanoparticles on BHK-21 Cells and Human Blood Lymphocytes Using MTT and Comet Assays. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2023, 15(4): 389-400. https://doi.org/10.26599/NBE.2023.9290037
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Abstract Full text About this article

The possible treatment of cancer with nanoparticles (NPs) would be carried out via inoculation into the veins; as a result, the NPs would come into contact with white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) prior to reaching the target cancerous cells. In the current study, the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity potential of silver NPs (AgNPs) against human blood lymphocytes and baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells was tested using comet and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively. First, AgNPs were created using a Heliotropium eichwaldi L. (HE) extract. These AgNPs were then confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, which yielded a sharp peak at 416 nm with a maximum absorbance of 1.92. Moreover, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and particle size (19.79 nm) of AgNPs, whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed their irregular morphology and size of 30 nm. In turn, an EDX analysis indicated that AgNPs had an appreciable composition of Ag ions (30.68%). According to the comet assay, the HE-AgNPs, and standard H2O2 caused highly significant damage to DNA compared with HE extract. The comet assay was reported in terms of the total comet score (TCS). In the case of the MTT assay, a dose-dependent cytotoxicity was noted, in which doxorubicin, and AgNPs were more potent against BHK-21 cells compared with a plant extract. From these results, it is evident that the green-synthesized AgNPs interacted with blood lymphocytes and BHK-21 cells, caused damage to DNA via oxidative stress, and finally triggered cell death (apoptosis). However, further studies aimed at reducing their potential threats are recommended.


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About this article

Detection of the Anticancer and Genotoxic Activities of Heliotropium eichwaldi L.-fabricated Silver Nanoparticles on BHK-21 Cells and Human Blood Lymphocytes Using MTT and Comet Assays

Show Author's information Naila Sher1, Mushtaq Ahmed1( ), Nadia Mushtaq2, Rahmat Ali Khan1
Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Bannu-KPK, Pakistan
Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu-KPK, Pakistan

Abstract

The possible treatment of cancer with nanoparticles (NPs) would be carried out via inoculation into the veins; as a result, the NPs would come into contact with white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) prior to reaching the target cancerous cells. In the current study, the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity potential of silver NPs (AgNPs) against human blood lymphocytes and baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells was tested using comet and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively. First, AgNPs were created using a Heliotropium eichwaldi L. (HE) extract. These AgNPs were then confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, which yielded a sharp peak at 416 nm with a maximum absorbance of 1.92. Moreover, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and particle size (19.79 nm) of AgNPs, whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed their irregular morphology and size of 30 nm. In turn, an EDX analysis indicated that AgNPs had an appreciable composition of Ag ions (30.68%). According to the comet assay, the HE-AgNPs, and standard H2O2 caused highly significant damage to DNA compared with HE extract. The comet assay was reported in terms of the total comet score (TCS). In the case of the MTT assay, a dose-dependent cytotoxicity was noted, in which doxorubicin, and AgNPs were more potent against BHK-21 cells compared with a plant extract. From these results, it is evident that the green-synthesized AgNPs interacted with blood lymphocytes and BHK-21 cells, caused damage to DNA via oxidative stress, and finally triggered cell death (apoptosis). However, further studies aimed at reducing their potential threats are recommended.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), comet assay, BHK-21cells, human lymphocytes

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Received: 11 July 2023
Revised: 20 August 2023
Accepted: 29 August 2023
Published: 07 November 2023
Issue date: December 2023

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