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Review | Open Access | Just Accepted

A review of microwave dielectric ceramics: From fundamental mechanisms and property regulation to advanced preparation, applications, and data-driven discovery

Hongyu Yang1,†( ), Chuntao Ou1,†, Huan Liu2,†, Lei Li3( ), Hua-ao Sun4, Guangran Lin4, Wanghuai Zhu4, Feng Shi4( ), Weijia Guo5,6( ), Weijia Luo5,6( ), Zhenxing Yue5( ), Ying Tang7, Jie Li7( ), Huaicheng Xiang7, Weishuang Fang8, Huixing Lin9, Junfeng Yang10, Liang Fang7( ), Muhammad Adnan Munir11, Jing Guo11( ), Kaixin Song2( ), Jincheng Qin12, Zhifu Liu12( ), Zhichao Hu13, Enzhu Li13( ), Hong Wang14( )

1 School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China

2 College of Electronics Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China

3 Laboratory of Dielectric Materials, School of Materials Science&Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

4 Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China

5 State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

6 State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials, Beijing Tsinghua Institute for Frontier Interdisciplinary Innovation, Beijing 102202, China

7 Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Non-ferrous Metal Oxide Electronic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China

8 College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China

9 Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Material and Device, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China

10 Aurora Technologies Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510288, China

11 State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

12 State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China

13 State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China

14 State Key Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

† These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

Microwave dielectric ceramics (MWDCs) are pivotal to modern wireless communication systems, with their performance governed by three key parameters: relative dielectric constant (εr), Q×f value (product of quality factor Q (reciprocal dielectric loss) and frequency f), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf). This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress of MWDCs from five interrelated aspects. In terms of performance characterization, standardized resonant methods achieve εr measurement errors below 1% and a tanδ detection limit as low as 10-5. Theoretically, frameworks from complex crystal chemistry to the recently elucidated cation rattling effect enable quantitative interpretation of dielectric behavior. In processing, the cold sintering process achieves ceramic densification below 300 °C, reducing energy consumption by over 97% in comparison with conventional sintering. For applications, these materials have been widely deployed in high-performance substrates, resonators, and filters for 5G/6G communications, with device insertion loss maintained below 1 dB. Additionally, data-driven approaches, particularly machine learning, can accurately predict key dielectric properties with a coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.9, accelerating the exploration and development of novel MWDCs. By integrating these perspectives, this review offers a systematic insight into the state-of-the-art progress and future development directions of MWDCs research.

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Keywords

Microwave dielectric ceramicsMicrowave dielectric property measurementCold sinteringDielectric theory of crystal structureLattice dynamicsDefectCation rattling effectWireless communicationMachine learning prediction

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics
DOI: 10.26599/JAC.2026.9221320

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Yang H, Ou C, Liu H, et al. A review of microwave dielectric ceramics: From fundamental mechanisms and property regulation to advanced preparation, applications, and data-driven discovery. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2026, https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2026.9221320

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Received: 30 March 2026
Revised: 11 May 2026
Accepted: 13 May 2026
Available online: 13 May 2026

©The Author(s) 2026.

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).