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Research Article | Open Access

From far and near: Perceptual evaluation of crowd representations across levels of detail

Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
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Abstract

In this paper, we investigate how users perceive the visual quality of crowd character representations at different levels of detail (LoD) and viewing distances. Each representation, including geometric meshes, image-based impostors, neural radiance fields (NeRFs), and 3D Gaussians, exhibits distinct trade-offs between visual fidelity and computational performance. Our qualitative and quantitative results provide insights to guide the design of perceptually optimized LoD strategies for crowd rendering.

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Computational Visual Media
Pages 1025-1034

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Cite this article:
Sun X, O’Sullivan C. From far and near: Perceptual evaluation of crowd representations across levels of detail. Computational Visual Media, 2026, 12(4): 1025-1034. https://doi.org/10.26599/CVM.2026.9450562

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Received: 10 February 2026
Accepted: 24 June 2026
Published: 22 September 2026
© The Author(s) 2026.

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

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