Journal Home > Volume 9 , Issue 5

Due to the stochasticity of charging behaviors of electric vehicles (EVs), it is difficult to anticipate when charging load demand will be densely concentrated. If massive charging loads and the system peak profile appear at the same time, it may pose a risk to the reliable operation of power grids. For a system integrated with renewable energies, this risk can be much higher because of their unsteady power output. With load measurements more widely collected, this paper presents a data-driven framework to assess the reliability of a power grid considering charging EVs. Specifically, the diffusion estimator is firstly applied to estimate the probability density function of EV charging loads, which possesses both regional adaptivity and good boundary estimation performance. Then, charging load samples are produced through slice sampling. It is capable of sampling from irregularly-shaped distributions with high accuracy. The proposed approach is verified by the numerical results from the simulations on a modified IEEE 30-bus test system based on real measurement data.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Data-driven Reliability Assessment of an Electric Vehicle Penetrated Grid Utilizing the Diffusion Estimator and Slice Sampling

Show Author's information Songyu Huang1Chengjin Ye1( )Si Liu2Wei Zhang2Yi Ding1Ruoyun Hu2Jianbai Li2
College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Research Institute, Hangzhou 310014, China

Abstract

Due to the stochasticity of charging behaviors of electric vehicles (EVs), it is difficult to anticipate when charging load demand will be densely concentrated. If massive charging loads and the system peak profile appear at the same time, it may pose a risk to the reliable operation of power grids. For a system integrated with renewable energies, this risk can be much higher because of their unsteady power output. With load measurements more widely collected, this paper presents a data-driven framework to assess the reliability of a power grid considering charging EVs. Specifically, the diffusion estimator is firstly applied to estimate the probability density function of EV charging loads, which possesses both regional adaptivity and good boundary estimation performance. Then, charging load samples are produced through slice sampling. It is capable of sampling from irregularly-shaped distributions with high accuracy. The proposed approach is verified by the numerical results from the simulations on a modified IEEE 30-bus test system based on real measurement data.

Keywords: data-driven, electric vehicles, Charging loads, diffusion estimator, slice sampling, system reliability

References(41)

[1]
International Energy Agency. (2019, May). Global EV Outlook 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2019.
[2]

Q. F. Cheng, L. Chen, Q. Y. Sun, R. Wang, D. Z. Ma and D. H. Qin, “A smart charging algorithm based on a fast charging station without energy storage system,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 850–861, July 2021.

[3]

K. J. Qian, C. K. Zhou, M. Allan, and Y. Yuan, “Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distribution systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 802–810, May 2011.

[4]

A. Ul-Haq, C. Cecati, and E. El-Saadany, “Probabilistic modeling of electric vehicle charging pattern in a residential distribution network,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 157, pp. 126–133, Apr. 2018.

[5]

L. Dong, C. F. Wang, M. T. Li, K. Sun, T. Y. Chen and Y. Y. Sun, “User decision-based analysis of urban electric vehicle loads,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 190–200, Jan. 2021.

[6]

S. Wang, Z. Y. Dong, F. J. Luo, K. Meng, and Y. X. Zhang, “Stochastic collaborative planning of electric vehicle charging stations and power distribution system,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 321–331, Jan. 2018.

[7]

M. Alizadeh, A. Scaglione, J. Davies, and K. S. Kurani, “A scalable stochastic model for the electricity demand of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 848–860, Mar. 2014.

[8]

N. H. Tehrani and P. Wang, “Probabilistic estimation of plug-in electric vehicles charging load profile,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 124, pp. 133–143, Jul. 2015.

[9]

J. H. Zheng, X. Y. Wang, K. Men, C. Zhu, and S. Z. Zhu, “Aggregation model-based optimization for electric vehicle charging strategy,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1058–1066, Jun. 2013.

[10]

A. Gerossier, R. Girard, and G. Kariniotakis, “Modeling and forecasting electric vehicle consumption profiles,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1341, Apr. 2019.

[11]

A. Lojowska, D. Kurowicka, G. Papaefthymiou, and L. Van Der Sluis, “Stochastic modeling of power demand due to EVs using copula,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1960–1968, Nov. 2012.

[12]
H. Jiang, S. J. Lin, S. He, and Y. Lu, “Time-coupled probabilistic modelling of electric vehicle charging station load and its application, ” presented at the 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology, Guangzhou, China, 2018, pp. 1957–1963.
DOI
[13]

E. Pashajavid and M. A. Golkar, “Non-Gaussian multivariate modeling of plug-in electric vehicles load demand,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 61, pp. 197–207, Oct. 2014.

[14]

S. Bae and A. Kwasinski, “Spatial and temporal model of electric vehicle charging demand,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 394–403, Mar. 2012.

[15]

D. F. Tang and P. Wang, “Probabilistic modeling of nodal charging demand based on spatial-temporal dynamics of moving electric vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 627–636, Mar. 2016.

[16]
S. Su, Y. Hui, D. Ning, and P. J. Li, “Spatial-temporal distribution model of electric vehicle charging demand based on a dynamic evolution process, ” presented at the 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, Beijing, China, 2018, pp. 1–8.
DOI
[17]

Y. Xia, B. Hu, K. G. Xie, J. J. Tang, and H. M. Tai, “An EV charging demand model for the distribution system using traffic property,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 28089–28099, Feb. 2019.

[18]

P. Zhou, R. Y. Jin, and L. W. Fan, “Reliability and economic evaluation of power system with renewables: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 58, 537–547, May 2016.

[19]

E. Tómasson and L. Söder, “Improved importance sampling for reliability evaluation of composite power systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 2426–2434, May 2017.

[20]

S. Zhong, T. M. Yang, Y. W. Wu, S. H. Lou, and T. J. Li, “The reliability evaluation method of generation system based on the importance sampling method and states clustering,” Energy Procedia, vol. 118, pp. 128–135, Aug. 2017.

[21]

B. Hu, Y. D. Li, H. J. Yang, and H. Wang, “Wind speed model based on kernel density estimation and its application in reliability assessment of generating systems,” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 220–227, Mar. 2017.

[22]
M. Steyvers. (2011, May). Computational Statistics with MATLAB. [Online]. Available: http://entsphere.com/pub/pdf/Papers/Physical%20Simulations/2011%20Steyvers,%20Computational%20Statistics%20with%20Matlab.pdf
[23]

P. Chaudhuri and J. S. Marron, “Scale space view of curve estimation,” The Annals of Statistics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 408–428, Apr. 2000.

[24]

Z. I. Botev, J. F. Grotowski, and D. P. Kroese, “Kernel density estimation via diffusion,” The Annals of Statistics, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 2916–2957, Oct. 2010.

[25]
B. W. Silverman, Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis, London: Chapman and Hall, 1986.
[26]
M. P. Wand and M. C. Jones, Kernel Smoothing, New York, NY: Chapman & Hall, 1995.
DOI
[27]

R. M. Neal, “Slice sampling,” The Annals of Statistics, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 705–767, Jun. 2003.

[28]
R. C. Green, L. F. Wang, and C. Singh, “State space pruning for power system reliability evaluation using genetic algorithms, ” presented at the IEEE PES General Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2010, pp. 1–6.
DOI
[29]

W. H. Shi, Z. H. Bie, and X. F. Wang, “Applications of Markov chain Monte Carlo in large-scale system reliability evaluation,” Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 9–15, Feb. 2008.

[30]

W. Wang, L. Liu, J. Z. Liu and Z. Chen, “Energy management and optimization of vehicle-to-grid systems for wind power integration,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 172–180, Jan. 2021.

[31]

R. W. Ferrero, S. M. Shahidehpour, and V. C. Ramesh, “Transaction analysis in deregulated power systems using game theory,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1340–1347, Aug. 1997.

[32]

P. M. Subcommittee, “IEEE reliability test system,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-98, no. 6, pp. 2047–2054, Nov. 1979.

[33]

P. Van Kerm, “Adaptive kernel density estimation,” The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 148–156, Jun. 2003.

[34]

S. W. Miao, K. G. Xie, H. J. Yang, R. Karki, H. M. Tai, and T. Chen, “A mixture kernel density model for wind speed probability distribution estimation,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 126, pp. 1066–1083, Oct. 2016.

[35]

S. P. Brooks and A. Gelman, “General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations,” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 434–455, Dec. 1998.

[36]

W. L. Martinez and A. R. Martinez, Computational Statistics Handbook with MATLAB®, 3rd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016.

DOI
[37]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The Wind Integration National Dataset Toolkit. [Online]. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/grid/wind-toolkit.html
[38]

R. Pallabazzer, “Evaluation of wind-generator potentiality,” Solar Energy, vol. 55, no. 1, 49–59, Jul. 1995.

[39]

Y. Zhao, X. F. Zhang, and J. Q. Zhou, “Load modeling utilizing nonparametric and multivariate kernel density estimation in bulk power system reliability evaluation”, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 29, no. 31, pp. 27–33, Nov. 2009.

[40]

G. Li and X. P. Zhang, “Modeling of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging demand in probabilistic power flow calculations,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 492–499, Mar. 2012.

[41]

C. J. Ye, Y. Ding, Y. H. Song, Z. Z. Lin, and L. Wang, “A data driven multi-state model for distribution system flexible planning utilizing hierarchical parallel computing,” Applied Energy, vol. 232, pp. 9–25, Dec. 2018.

Publication history
Copyright
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 31 March 2020
Revised: 06 September 2020
Accepted: 08 December 2020
Published: 21 December 2020
Issue date: September 2023

Copyright

© 2020 CSEE.

Rights and permissions

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Return