Achievements and challenges in primate conservation in China

The dual impact of climate change and human activities has led to a sharp decline in global primate biodiversity. China, which has the most diverse primate species in the northern hemisphere, faces severe ecological threats during its transition from an agricultural to a modern society due to the expansion of modern agriculture, over-exploitation and consumption of natural resources, and excessive land development. In response, China has implemented various ecological conservation measures, including habitat restoration and protection. These efforts have made substantial progress in biodiversity conservation, with certain regions seeing an increase in primate populations. This study conducted a systematic review of historical documents and field research data related to Chinese primates, evaluating the endangered status of primate species in China. Despite improvements in the habitats of most primate species and some population growth, many species still face severe threats, including declining and small populations. Species such as the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri), eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus), and Hainan gibbon (N. hainanus) remain particularly vulnerable due to their limited distribution ranges and extremely small populations. Insufficient scientific data, fragmented information, and a lack of comprehensive studies in conservation biology further exacerbate these challenges. Additionally, there is a notable lack of detailed population monitoring data for species such as the Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Pygmy slow loris (N. pygmaeus), Indochinese gray langur (Trachypithecus crepusculus), Shortridge’s langur (T. shortridgei), and capped langur (T. pileatus), hindering the development of practical and targeted conservation management strategies. Therefore, for national biodiversity conservation, there is an urgent need for specialized primate surveys, enhanced habitat protection and restoration, and increased focus on cross-border conservation strategies and regional cooperation. Establishing a comprehensive and systematic research database platform, conducting continuous and in-depth research in primate biology. Additionally, strengthening public awareness on wildlife conservation remains essential. Such integrated and systematic efforts will provide scientific support for the current and future conservation and management of primate species in China.