Research progress on ossification by titanium nanotube implant modification

Surface modification of titanium implants is a hot topic for improving osteointegration and includes physical, chemical, bioactive and anodization methods. Among these methods, anodization methods can form TiO₂ nanotube structures with a uniform and stable structure, and TiO₂ nanotubes and substrates have high binding strengths and osteogenic properties and represent an excellent method for implant modification. TiO₂ nanotube osteogenesis is closely related to its morphology, diameter and physicochemical characteristics. Therefore, the structure of TiO₂ nanotubes with optimal osteogenic performance can be prepared by regulating these factors. At present, research on TiO₂ nanotubes is mostly focused on composite treatments with TiO₂ nanotubes, namely, the combination of other implant modification methods (physical method, chemical method, biological method) and TiO₂ nanotubes to form a composite structure to work synergistically to treat osteogenesis. TiO₂ nanotube composite treatment is a good prospective application for the further preparation of TiO₂ nanotube-modified structures with strong osteogenic properties.