Research progress on sand erosion resistance of high-performance composites

The application of high-performance resin matrix composites in helicopter structures is critically challenged by solid particle erosion (sand erosion), which undermines structural integrity and limits service longevity. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in sand erosion damage of resin matrix composites. The fundamental concepts and theories of erosion are first introduced, clarifying the physical nature and primary failure modes. Key factors governing erosion resistance are then synthesized from three aspects: intrinsic parameters (material formulation, microstructure, and interfacial adhesion), extrinsic parameters (particle kinematics and impingement conditions), and environmental parameters (temperature and humidity). Experimental discrepancies arising from different testing protocols are critically compared. Current erosion testing standards and apparatus are also assessed for their applicability and limitations. Finally, in view of existing research gaps, future efforts are recommended to focus on multi-factor coupling mechanisms, damage evolution kinetics and life prediction modeling, and the design of novel erosion-resistant materials. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation and technical reference for the reliable application of high-performance resin matrix composites in helicopter structural components.