Evolutionary paths for the theoretical and technological developmentof shale oil and gas reservoir simulation

This study presents a comprehensive review of the development process and evolutionary paths of the theories and technologies for China’s shale oil and gas resevoir stimulation, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the efficient exploration and exploitation of shale resources in the future. By comparing the geological parameters and characteristics of shale reservoirs in China and the United States, we systematically organize the evolutionary paths of fracturing concepts, as well as theoretical models and critical technologies for reservoir stimulation, using the citation tracking method. Accordingly, an overall development framework of techniques for China’s shale oil and gas reservoir stimulation is established. China has adopted “intensive stimulation” techniques to overcome the disadvantages of its shale reservoirs. Consequently, the viscosity of fracturing fluids has been gradually reduced, with slickwater predominating presently (accounting for more than 90%). Meanwhile, proppants have evolved toward micro-proppants for supporting multi-scale fractures, and high-precision processing and interpretation have been achieved for fracture monitoring. These advancements have collectively contributed to the development of a fracturing technology system capable of generating complex fracture networks and the establishment of a closed-loop control system. The evolutionary pattern of the shale reservoir simulation technologies with Chinese characteristics is thus revealed, and future development directions, including geological-engineering integration, water-saving and environmentally friendly technologies, and intelligent equipment, are proposed. This study can serve as a valuable guide for advancing the shale oil and gas revolution and achieving national energy strategic goals.