Recent advances in the synthesis of nanoscale hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks

Nanoscale hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks (NHP-MOFs) have received unprecedented attention in many fields owing to their integration of the strengths of nanoscale size (< 1 ​μm) and hierarchical porous structure (micro-, meso- and/or macro-pores) of MOFs. This review focuses on recent advances in the main synthetic strategies for NHP-MOFs based on different metal ions (e.g., Cu, Fe, Co, Zn, Al, Zr, and Cr), including the template method, composite technology, post-synthetic modification, in situ growth and the grind method. In addition, the mechanisms of synthesis, regulation techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the commercialisation of promising NHP-MOFs are also presented. The purpose of this review is to provide a road map for future design and development of NHP-MOFs for practical application.