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Avian Research 2023, 14(1): 100084 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100084
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 13 February 2023

Seasonal acclimatization and temperature acclimation in small passerine birds is achieved via metabolic adjustments

Show Author's Information Yujie XuanYuan1,  Ran Chen1,  Jieheng Xu,  Jiacheng Zhou,  Ming Li( ),  Jinsong Liu( )
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China

1 These authors contributed equally to this work and share the first authorship.

Keywords:
Temperature, Seasonality, Basal metabolic rate, Garrulax canorus, Laboratory acclimation
Cite this article:
XuanYuan Y, Chen R, Xu J, et al. Seasonal acclimatization and temperature acclimation in small passerine birds is achieved via metabolic adjustments. Avian Research, 2023, 14(1): 100084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100084
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Abstract Full text About this article

Temperature and other environmental factors play an integral role in the metabolic adjustments of animals and drive a series of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptions essential to survival. However, it is not clear how the capacity of an organism for temperature acclimation translates into seasonal acclimatization to maintain survival. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), and energy budget were measured in the Chinese Hwamei (Garrulax canorus) following winter and summer acclimatization, and in those acclimatized to 15 ​℃ (cold) and 35 ​℃ (warm) under laboratory conditions for 28 days. In addition to the above indicators, internal organ masses, as well as state 4 respiration and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity were also measured for the liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney. Both winter-acclimatized and cold-acclimated birds exhibited significantly higher BMR, EWL, and energy budget, as well as organ masses, state 4 respiration, and COX activity compared with the summer-acclimatized and warm-acclimated birds. This indicated that the Chinese Hwamei could adapt to seasonal or just temperature changes through some physiological and biochemical thermogenic adjustments, which would be beneficial to cope with natural environmental changes. A general linear model showed that body mass, BMR, GEI, state 4 respiration in the liver and kidney, and COX activity in the skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney were significantly affected by temperature and acclimation. A positive correlation was observed between BMR and each of the other parameters (body mass, EWL, energy budget, heart dry mass, kidney dry mass, state 4 respiration) in the muscle, heart, and kidney and also between BMR and COX activity in the muscle and kidney. The results suggested that similar to seasonal acclimatization, Chinese Hwameis subjected to temperature acclimation also exhibited significant differences in metabolism-related physiological and biochemical parameters, depending on the temperature. The data also supported the prediction that metabolic adjustment might be the primary means by which small birds meet the energetic challenges triggered by cold conditions.


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About this article

Seasonal acclimatization and temperature acclimation in small passerine birds is achieved via metabolic adjustments

Show Author's information Yujie XuanYuan1, Ran Chen1, Jieheng Xu, Jiacheng Zhou, Ming Li( ), Jinsong Liu( )
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China

1 These authors contributed equally to this work and share the first authorship.

Abstract

Temperature and other environmental factors play an integral role in the metabolic adjustments of animals and drive a series of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptions essential to survival. However, it is not clear how the capacity of an organism for temperature acclimation translates into seasonal acclimatization to maintain survival. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), and energy budget were measured in the Chinese Hwamei (Garrulax canorus) following winter and summer acclimatization, and in those acclimatized to 15 ​℃ (cold) and 35 ​℃ (warm) under laboratory conditions for 28 days. In addition to the above indicators, internal organ masses, as well as state 4 respiration and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity were also measured for the liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney. Both winter-acclimatized and cold-acclimated birds exhibited significantly higher BMR, EWL, and energy budget, as well as organ masses, state 4 respiration, and COX activity compared with the summer-acclimatized and warm-acclimated birds. This indicated that the Chinese Hwamei could adapt to seasonal or just temperature changes through some physiological and biochemical thermogenic adjustments, which would be beneficial to cope with natural environmental changes. A general linear model showed that body mass, BMR, GEI, state 4 respiration in the liver and kidney, and COX activity in the skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney were significantly affected by temperature and acclimation. A positive correlation was observed between BMR and each of the other parameters (body mass, EWL, energy budget, heart dry mass, kidney dry mass, state 4 respiration) in the muscle, heart, and kidney and also between BMR and COX activity in the muscle and kidney. The results suggested that similar to seasonal acclimatization, Chinese Hwameis subjected to temperature acclimation also exhibited significant differences in metabolism-related physiological and biochemical parameters, depending on the temperature. The data also supported the prediction that metabolic adjustment might be the primary means by which small birds meet the energetic challenges triggered by cold conditions.

Keywords: Temperature, Seasonality, Basal metabolic rate, Garrulax canorus, Laboratory acclimation

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Publication history

Received: 21 July 2022
Revised: 10 January 2023
Accepted: 02 February 2023
Published: 13 February 2023
Issue date: March 2023

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© 2023 The Authors.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Katrina Seelye nee (Hale of Biological Science Editing, New Zealand) and Dr. Alan K. Chang (Wenzhou University) for revising this manuscript and the Animal Physiological Ecology Group, Institute of applied ecology of Wenzhou University, for their helpful suggestions. This study was financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31971420 and No. 32171497).

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